caldera
covered by 150- to 250-
m-thick ice (Figure
1). Its highest peak, Grímsfjall, on the southern
caldera rim, reaches an elevation of 1722
m.
Volcanic eruptions there, numbering several
per century, are phreatomagmatic because
of the ice cover, and they usually persist for
days to weeks. Geothermal activity continu-
ously melts the overlying ice, and meltwater
accumulates in a subglacial
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