in km2 and
km3, respectively, and c = 0:036, g = 1:36 for the valley glaciers. Figure 2 shows the same five
Icelandic ice caps and the same regression lines together with volume–area data for eight ice
caps and glaciers on Svalbard and in Scandinavia and the much larger ice sheets of Greenland
and Antarctica.
Figures 1 and 2 show that reasonable approximations for the ice volume stored in glaciers
/media/ces/ces-glacier-scaling-memo2009-01.pdf
6University of Washington,
Seattle, WA 98195, USA. 7NOAA Geophysical Fluid
Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.
*Author for correspondence. E-mail: cmilly@usgs.gov.
An uncertain future challenges water planners.
Published by AAAS
on July 12, 201
1
www.sciencemag.or
g
Downloaded from
1 FEBRUARY 2008 VOL 319 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org574
POLICYFORUM
combined with opera-
tions
/media/loftslag/Milly_etal-2008-Stationarity-dead-Science.pdf
and Surtsey would form a 3 cm thick deposit on Heimaey ....................... 36
Figure 15: Frequency of wind direction and wind speed ......................................................... 37
Figure 16: Probability of location of future vent opening based on the best fit line of the
identified previous vents
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2020/VI_2020_011_en.pdf
conditions
An interactive weather map shows weather observations at any station in the country.
Installation
Get the weather app at Google Play Store or Apple App Store. Type VEDUR or vedur to find the app and install. Select language under Settings (Stillingar), shown in the video below.
Video instructions
A video shows all the features of the weather app for those who want to familiarise
/about-imo/news/nr/3224
the volcano. Question: Should an eruption occur, where from the glacier can
the jökulhlaup be expected?Answer: It depends on the
location and type of the eruption. Three types of glacial outbursts can be
thought about:Floods resulting from an eruption
in the caldera, where the ice is up to 500 m thick. Large eruptions can melt of order 100,000 m3/s.
Jökulhlaups can be expected from Virkisjökull
/volcanoes/about-volcanoes/oraefajokull/q-a/
revealed.
Gas measurements
Driving toward the western side of the crater a degassing vent releasing brownish gases was identified.
The site is 10 min walking across the lava field and presents decoloration of rocks. Some gas
measurements have been done with two different type of sensors (standard personal and Alphasens
ones).
Peak concentration of 7 ppm SO2 and 9 ppm CO were observed
/media/jar/field_report_03032015.pdf
• Methodology
• Key findings
• Conclusions
2
Forestry in Finland
1. Land area distribution 2. Species distribution
Total Forestry land 26.3 mill. ha
3. Growing stocks, increment and drain 4. Site type distribution
Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute, 2008
3
Forest management
Final felling
Timber
Energy biomass
Thinning
Timber
Pre-commercial or
energy biomass thinning
Regeneration Regeneration
4
/media/ces/Alam_Ashraful_CES_2010.pdf
1 10 100 1000
Return period (years)
P
e
a
k
d
a
i
l
y
d
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
(
m
3
/
s
)
1961-1990 Gumbel
2021-2050 Gumbel
2021 - 2050 annual maxima
1961 - 1990 annual maxima
X
X
35% increase
in 200-year
flood
Model uncertainty
Seasonal analysis - Rainfall-induced
peak flows in annual maximum series
1961 - 1990 2021-2050
Red – Type 1: > 67% of annual
maximum in mar-july (snowmelt
dominance
/media/ces/Lawrence_Deborah_CES_2010.pdf
........................................ 34
Bergström, S. and Andréasson, J.
Swedish Guidelines for Design Floods for Dams in a Changing Climate ............................................................ 36
3
HYDROLOGICAL PROJECTIONS, GLACIERS AND ICE-SHEETS
Jóhannesson, T., Aðalgeirsdóttir, G., Ahlstrøm, A., Andreassen, L.M., Beldring, S., Björnsson, H., Crochet, P.,
Einarsson, B
/media/ces/ces-oslo2010_proceedings.pdf