it will be one of the main aspects
of this paper.
2.3. Properties
The elements of a Fuzzy Cognitive Map are as follows:
Concepts: C1, C2, . . ., Cn. These represent the drivers and
constraints that are considered of importance to the issue under
consideration.
State vector: A = (a1, a2, . . ., an), where ai denotes the state of the
node Ci. The state vector represents the value of the concepts
/media/loftslag/Kok_JGEC658_2009.pdf
[Q(t);Q(t 1);Q(t 2)]
E[Q(ui);Q(ui 1);Q(ui 2)]
, ai =
Qb(t)
Qb(ui)
, bi =
Q(t) Qb(t)
Q(ui) Qb(ui)
,
and Qb(t) and Qb(ui) are baseflows calculated using the UKIH baseflow separation method
(Piggott et al., 2005). All rescaling coefficients were limited to a minimum value of 0.25 and a
maximum value of 5.
4.5 Deterministic prediction
A deterministic forecast was derived from the ensemble by taking
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2013/VI_2013_008.pdf
in Iceland:
Snjóflóð á varnargarðinn við sorpbrennsluna Funa í Engidal við Skutulsfjörð þann 14. janúar 2004 (IMO Memo TóJ-2004-02, author T. Jóhannesson) (pdf 0.3 Mb)
Run-up of two avalanches on the deflecting dams at Flateyri, northwestern Iceland. (Annals of Glaciology, 32, 350−354, 2001, author T. Jóhannesson) [abstract] (html)
Snjóflóðið á Flateyri 21. febrúar 1999 og áhrif varnargarða
/avalanches/imo/dams/
Tiefenbacher and M. Kern) (pdf 0.5 Mb)
A laboratory study of the retarding effect of breaking mounds in 3, 6 and 9 m long chutes (IMO Int. Rep. 01007, 2001, authors K. M. Hákonardóttir,
T. Jóhannesson, F. Tiefenbacher and M. Kern) (pdf 0,6 Mb) [abstract] (html)
A map on a selected front page shows recent observations of avalanches. For user access to avalanche and landslide data
/avalanches/imo/lab/
to avalances:
An overview of the need for avalanche protection measures in Iceland (IMO Rep. 96004, 1996, authors T. Jóhannesson, K. Lied, S. Margreth and F. Sandersen) [summary of IMO publication 96003/96004] (html)
Adaptation of the Swiss Guidelines for supporting structures for Icelandic conditions (IMO Int. Rep. 99013, 1999, authors T. Jóhannesson and S. Margreth) (pdf 0.1 Mb)
Addendum
/avalanches/imo/protective/
A text mode is available for dyslexic users.
Physically handicapped users can navigate the web site without using a mouse.
All link titles are clear.
Images in articles include explanatory text.
Attachment types are explained. A glossary is available.
Instructions and explanations are available for all pages displaying real-time data.
In the near future, PDF files will be available. HTML format
/about-imo/the-web/accessibility/
Below are instructions on how to embed an iframe for wind, temperature and precipitation forecasts; the code for the iframe is listed. Web-masters should decide which area of the country will appear.
In order to embed this single frame (which gives both wind, temperature and precipitation forecasts), the following code is pasted into the html file where the frame should appear:
<
/about-imo/the-web/iframes/wind-temp-precip/
be copied to your html file where the frame should appear:
<script type="text/javascript" src="http://vedur.is/js/iframe.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript"><!--
VI.ifrm.type = 'wst';
VI.ifrm.area = 101;
VI.ifrm.lang = 'en';
VI.ifrm.displayWeather();
//-->
</script>
To show other areas, a different digit must be entered after 'Vi.ifrm.area
/about-imo/the-web/iframes/wst-txt-obs/
and processing and data plotting,
respectively (see Figure 3). The highlights of these upgrades include a conversion from the
IMO’s previous RSAM data file format (tremlogs) to csv files, an HTML data request website,
a web-based HTML plotting interface, and an instrument correction that converts the csv output
data from counts to velocity. Currently the HTML websites with IMO data can only
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2021/VI_2021_008.pdf
@fmi.fi
THIS POSTER IS A SUBSET OF A DELIVERABLE REPORT
AVAILABLE FROM
http://www.atm.helsinki.fi/~jaraisan/CES_D2.2/CES_D2.2.html
SOURCES OF UNCERTAINTY IN CLIMATE
CHANGE FORECASTS
A schematic view of sources of uncertainty in climate change as a function of
time. In the long run, most of the uncertainty relates to the magnitude of
greenhouse gas emissions (unknown future behaviour
/media/ces/CES_D2_2_poster_3x3.pdf