Magma accumulation beneath Svartsengi continues
Model calculations suggest magma accumulation will reach similar level as was noted prior to last eruption by the end of February or beginning of March
Updated 15. February at 16:00 UTC
Land uplift at Svartsengi area continues at similar trends and rates as has been detected following dyke propagations from there.
Model calculations based on GPS data suggest that magma accumulation from the end of the eruption 9th of February until yesterday, 14th of February, is about 2 million m3. It was estimated that when the eruption began on the 8th of February, about 10 million m3 of magma propagated from Svartsengi towards Sundhnúkur crater row. If magma accumulation continues at same rate, a total of 10 million m3 will be accumulated by the end of February or beginning of March, by which time likelihood of dyke propagation and volcanic eruption will increase significantly. These model calculations are based on GPS data but will be updated when new satellite data comes in.
Seismic activity in the western parts of mt. Fagradalsfjall continues with about 80 small earthquakes of magnitudes 1.5 or smaller detected since 12th of February. The depth of the earthquakes under the western part of mt. Fagradalsfjall is at 6-8 km. The area remains closely monitored but at the moment deformation data do not show signs of magma accumulation.
An updated
hazard map has been published. It is valid until 22nd of February
unless developments call for a re-evaluation. The main changes are that
likelihood of eruptive vents opening has decreased in all Zones. Likelihood of
sinkholes and fault movements are still considered high in Zone 4
(Grindavík). Please note that the hazard zones are active, and changes can
occur with short notice. Furthermore, hazards can be present outside of the
specified hazard zones, such as the faults that formed on the 10th
of November 2023 west of Grindavík (see faults on map).
Updated 12. February at 16:00 UTC
IMO has updated the hazard assessment according to the development of the eruptive activity. Changes have been made to the hazard assessment for some hazards within zones.
The overall hazard assessment for the area remains unchanged from the last map. There is still considered to be a sinkholes and fault movementsn area 4 (Grindavík).
(Click on the map to make it larger)
The hazard assessment map is valid until Thursday, 15 February, unless changes in activity calls for a re-evaluation.
Updated 12. February at 14:30 UTC
Inflation has started again at Svartsengi after having subsided following the eruption which started 8. February. Inflation rate is about 0.5-1.0 cm/day which is in similar to the rates detected prior to last eruptions. Magma thus continues to accumulate in the magma reservoir beneath Svartsengi. It is therefore highly likely that the cycle continues in a few weeks with another dyke propagation and a volcanic eruption.
Time series from the GPS station Svartsengi (SENG) since 11th of November 2023 in the north, east and vertical directions (top, middle and bottom images, respectively). The bottom time series show land uplift in millimetres and yesterday's datapoint (11th of February) is shown with a green dot. The red vertical lines are timings of the last three eruptions (18th of December 2023, 14th of January 2024 and 8th of February 2024).
Since noon of 8. February, seismic activity in the area north of Grindavík has been minor, about 50 small earthquakes have been detected, all of which were around or less than M1.0. A small seismic swarm has been ongoing in the western parts of Mt. Fagradalsfjall with about 100 earthquakes detected, mostly M1 events or smaller. Minor swarms in the Fagradalsfjall area have occurred frequent for the past weeks, the depth of the earthquakes is at around 6-8 km.
Updated 9. February at 15:30 UTC
No eruptive activity was observed in a drone-flight over the eruptive site carried out at noon today (9 February) by the Special Unit of the National Police Commissioner. This suggests that the eruption is ending. Volcanic tremor is no longer being detected on seismic sensors.
IMO has updated the hazard
assessment according to the development of the eruptive activity. Changes have
been made to the hazard assessment for some hazards within zones. Hazards due
to opening of volcanic fissures has decreased, but hazards due to gas pollution
are still considered to be likely by the lava flow front. Hazards due to lava
flow is still in place, as lava lobes can burst out from the lava flow front.
Hazards due to sinkholes and fault movements are still considered high in Zone
4 (Grindavík).
(Click on the map to see it larger)
The hazard assessment map is valid until 15:00 on Monday, 12 February, unless changes in activity calls for a re-evaluation.
Updated 9. February at 13:00 UTC
Volcanic tremor has significantly decreased since yesterday (8th of February). The decrease was detected shortly after noon yesterday alongside decreased eruptive activity on the volcanic fissure and activity became more confined in separate craters. Temporary increases of the volcanic tremor were noted last evening, which coincided with increased volcanic activity in the craters. During the night, the activity decreased further and between 7 and 8 this morning, two eruptive craters were active. For the past hours no lava fountaining has been observed on web-cameras but activity within the craters might still be ongoing.
Satellite radar image taken at 14:56 yesterday shows surface subsidence of 10 cm in Svartsengi area, north-west of mt. Þorbjörn, when magma flowed from there towards Sundhnúkur crater row. Model calculations based on these data suggest that about 10 million m3 of magma has flowed from the magma reservoir beneath Svartsengi towards the eruption site at Sundhnúkur crater row.
(Click on the Insar Satellite Image to make it larger)
Seismic activity at the eruptive site has been minor during the past 24 hours. About 40 earthquakes have been detected there, all around or smaller than M1.
Volume estimates of the erupted lava from the start of the eruption at 6:02 until 13:00 yesterday (8th of February) is about 15 million m3, which corresponds to an average extrusion rate of 600 m3/s during the first seven hours (data provided by Icelandic Institute of Natural History and Landmælingar Íslands).
Although the eruption has significantly decreased it is still too early to declare if it has come to an end. IMO maintains a 24-hour watch and keeps a close eye on the area. An updated hazard assessment will be published later today.
Updated 8. February at 17:15 UTC
The vigor of the eruption continues to decrease. The eruptive activity is currently on two or three locations on the eruptive fissure. The explosive activity which began between 13 and 14 o‘clock is now mostly over, but minor convective clouds rise from some parts the fissure.
Synchronously with the decreasing vigor of the
eruption, the deformation signals detected at the dyke area diminished, indicating
that magma is no longer ascending under as much pressure as before. Soon after
the onset of the eruption, seismic activity decreased significantly and has
remained minor thus far. About 20 small earthquakes have been detected over the
dyke since 08:00 this morning.
The map shows outlines of the lava flow as it was seen on a satellite image taken at 12:31 today (Thursday 8th- of February). The satellite image shows that lava flowed furthest about 4.5 km to the west from the eruptive site. For comparison, the lava flow field which formed in the eruption on the 18th of December 2023 is also shown on the map. Today ‘s lava flows partly over the lava flow formed in December 2023.
(Click on the map to make it larger)
IMO has updated the hazard assessment map considering the process of the eruptive activity. Changes have been made to the hazard assessment for some hazards within zones. However, these changes do not influence the overall hazard assessment for the zones. The new lava flow field has also been added to the map. The hazard assessment map is valid until 19:00 tomorrow, Friday 9th of February 2024, unless development in activity calls for a re-evaluation.
(Click on the map to make it larger)
Updated 8. February at 14:25 UTC
The vigor of the eruption is decreasing. The activity is now mainly on 3 locations on the eruptive fissure which opened this morning. This is not unlike the process observed in the eruption 18th of December 2023, when the activity was confined to a few craters few hours after the onset of the eruption.
A conspicuous,
dark plume rises from one part of the eruptive fissure. This is likely due to
magma interaction with groundwater which results in a slight explosive activity
where white plume of steam mixes with dark volcanic plume.
It seems that tephra does not travel far from the eruptive fissure at the moment. The volcanic plume is dispersed towards south-west.
Photo taken towards north-west. (Photo: Special Unit of the National Police Commissioner).
Updated 8. February at 12:20 UTC
Geodetic data suggest that deformation has decreased significantly in the dyke area. Therefore, probability of new eruptive fissure openings has decreased.
IMO has received notifications of tephra fall in Grindavík.
Tephra is frothy and
vesicular material which forms when splashes of lava cool quickly in the air in
the lava fountaining activity. This process took place when an eruptive fissure
opened this morning (8th of February 2024). Due to the tephras‘ vesicularity
and lightness it can be transported far within the volcanic plume with wind. It falls in Grindavík now, 3-5 km from the source
of formation due to the height of the lava fountains, north-easterly wind-direction,
thermal upwelling from the lava and low air temperature.
Tephra is a synonym for all airborne, solid, eruptive materials,
regardless of size an type. Tephra formation is well known in Iceland, such as in
the explosive eruptions in Grímsvötn 2011 and 2004, and Eyjafjallajökull 2010. In
explosive eruptions, the lava is more fragmented in the air an produces finer-grained
tephra but tephra can also be produced in effusive eruptions such as is now ongoing
on the Reykjanes peninsula. In effusive eruptions, the majority of tephra is
deposited close to the vent and thus is not well detectable outside of the lava
flow field. In May 2021, when lava fountaining was most active in the eruption
in Fagradalsfjall, large pieces of tephra (up to 10 cm in diameter) fell at
about 1 km distance from the eruptive source.
Tephra is sharp as glass and thus should be carefully
handled. Windscreen wipers should not be used to remove tephra from vehicles as
it will scratch the glass. Tephra should rather be blown or washed off with
water of windows and similar surfaces.
Gas dispersion
Weather forecast for gasdispersion from the volcanic site is north-easterly winds, 4-8 m/s today (Thursday), thus gas is dispersed towards south-west. Decreasing wind speed tonight which can cause gas concentrations to build up at the volcanic site. Easterly and south-easterly winds, 5-10 m/s after noon tomorrow (Friday), causing gas to be dispersed to the west and north-west, towards Keflavík.
Updated 8. February at 11:40 UTC
The Icelandic Met Office has updated the hazard map for the area. The hazard level has increased in all areas due to the eruption.
Updated 8 February at 7:50 UTC
At 5:30 this morning an intense seismic activity started north-east of mt. Sýlingarfell. Around 30 minutes later, a volcanic eruption started at the site.
The eruptive fissure lengthened both towards north and south during the first minutes.
The
first images from the Icelandic Coast Guard's surveillance flight suggest that the eruption takes place at a
similar location as the eruption on the 18th of December 2023. The eruptive fissure
is approximately 3 km long, from mt. Sundhnúkur in the south and stretches towards
the eastern part of mt. Stóra-Skógfell. Lava flows mostly towards west at the
moment and the flow seems to be slightly less than at the start of the 18th of
December eruption.
The lava
fountains reach about 50-80 m height and the volcanic plume rises about 3 km above
the eruptive fissure.
Updated 5 February 16:00 UTC
Ongoing magma accumulation beneath the Svartsengi-Þorbjörn area continues, even though the rate of inflation has decreased slightly in recent days. Similar processes were observed before the previous dyke intrusions and eruptions north of Grindavík in January 2024 and December 2023. According to updated geodetic models based on satellite and GNSS data covering the interval from 16 January to 5 February, the volume of magma recharge to the Svartsengi reservoir is now estimated at about 9 million m3. From geodetic modelling of the January 2024 intrusion and eruption, it is estimated that approximately 9 to 13 million cubic meters of magma flowed from the Svartsengi magma reservoir, feeding the eruption that began near Hagafell on 14 January. Therefore, the estimated volume of magma recharge has now reached the lower limit of the amount believed to have been tapped in January. Consequently, there is an increased likelihood of a new magmatic dyke intrusion and ensuing volcanic eruption in the coming days to weeks.
Since last Friday, nearly 200 earthquakes have been measured in the area north of Grindavík, most of them around or below magnitude 1 at depth of 3-4 km. The largest earthquake occurred on the morning of Sunday, 4 February, near Sundhnúkur, and was a M2.2 at a depth of approximately 6 km.
The IMO continues to closely monitor the area, and the current hazard assessment map remains valid until 3:00 PM on 8 February, if there are no changes in activity.
Updated 1 February 17:00 UTC
Models based on GPS data, reviewed this morning (1 February) by scientists from the Icelandic Meteorological Office and the University of Iceland, indicate that approximately 6.5 million cubic meters of magma has accumulated beneath the Svartsengi region. According to this assessment, magma will soon reach the same volume as drained during the January 2024 eruption. Therefore, the timescale for the next eruption could be within two weeks or possibly days. This means that the likelihood of a magma intrusion, and a volcanic eruption, have increased.
There is no absolute certainty that the warning time ahead of the next intrusion or eruption will be the same as 14 January, which was about a five-hours' notice from the beginning of the earthquake swarm until the eruption began just south of Hagafell. The warning period for the eruption between Stóra-Skógfell and Sundhnúkur on 18 December last year was about 90 minutes, and that eruption occurred approximately at the mid-point of the (now solidified) magma intrusion beneath the Sundhnúksgígar crater row. With repeated lateral magma intrusions, it is likely that the pathway for magma propagation to the surface will be easier, resulting in less seismicity. However, rapid movements of magma are always accompanied by increased micro-seismicity. We assess that the minimum warning time would be one-hour ahead of a volcanic eruption, and that the most likely pathway would be along the fissures from the magma intrusion on 10 November last year.
Seismic activity has been similar over the past week. Nearly 200 earthquakes have been measured in the area between Stóra-Skógfell and south of Hagafell in the past seven days. Most of these earthquakes were minor, under 1.0 in magnitude, at a depth of 2 to 5 km. The largest earthquake registered magnitude 1.8, and it was located about a kilometre south of Hagafell.
The Icelandic Meteorological Office has issued an updated hazard assessment map. The main changes are that zone 3 (Sýlingarfell – Hagafell) has been upgraded to red (high hazard), and zones 2 and 6 have been upgraded to amber (considerable hazard). Grindavík (zone 4) remains unchanged at a considerable level of hazard.
The overall assessment for each zone is based on a combined evaluation of seven types of hazards that could occur within individual zones. The list on the map shows hazards within the zones that are rated as "considerable", "high," or "very high". Hazards rated as "high" or "very high" are highlighted in bold.
It should be noted that
although the overall hazard assessment for Grindavík remains the same as last
week, the lava-flow hazard is now assessed as high. The hazard of sinkholes
opening over fissures within Grindavík is still rated as very high.
Updated 25 January 17:30 UTC
Inflation continues at Svartsengi. Over the past few days, the land has been rising at a rate of approximately 8 mm per day, slightly exceeding the recorded rate of uplift before the eruption on January 14th.
At this point, it is challenging to determine exactly how much magma has accumulated beneath Svartsengi since the eruption ended on January 16th. Most likely, the timeframe required to reach the same volume of magma as before the last eruption will be on the order of weeks, not days. Computational models are being refined to obtain a clearer assessment of the status of magma accumulation.
Low levels of seismic activity persist and are mostly concentrated around Hagafell. The current seismic activity aligns with that observed in the area following the previous eruption.
The Icelandic Meteorological Office has issued an updated hazard assessment map. The main changes include reducing the overall hazard level for Grindavík to orange (significant hazard).
It should be noted that, although the overall hazard level for Grindavík has been reduced by one level, the hazard associated with fissures remains very high. The current hazard is now referred to as "subsidence into a fissure," describing the danger that may be present where fissures are hidden beneath unstable surfaces that could collapse and develop sinkholes.
The hazard assessment related to fissure development within Grindavík has decreased. Evaluations are underway to determine if there is a danger of existing fissures expanding or new fissures forming. GPS data have exhibited very little movement within Grindavík the past few days, reducing the assessed hazard compared to before. The hazard due to sinkholes overlying fissures is now considered significant.
(Click on the picture to see it larger). Increased hazard in the area due to the eruption near Hagafell on January 16th and land uplift near Svartsengi. Conditions within and outside the hazard areas can change with little warning. Hazard assessment is focused solely within these areas, but the danger may extend beyond them. The overall hazard assessment for each area is based on a combined evaluation of 7 types of hazards present or possible within the regions. The color of each area reflects the overall hazard within those boundaries.
Updated 19 January 16:30 UTC
Clear signals of a continued land uplift are still being detected beneath Svartsengi. It is yet too early to assert whether the rate of the land uplift has increased since prior to the eruption on January 14. First measurements suggest that is the case, but as has previously been written measurements can fluctuate from one day to the next and a longer timeline of measurement is needed to be able to interpret the long-term development of the land uplift.
Seismic activity continues to decrease in the area of the magma dyke and deformation signals seen on GPS devices suggest significant slow down of ground movement compared to previous days. This information suggest that magma is no longer flowing into the dyke and the eruption has ended.
GPS measurements also show small deformation within Grindavík. There is still high danger of ground collapse into fissures within the town and thus important to map new fissures and changes to known ones estimated.
The Icelandic Meteorological Office has updated the hazard assessment due to the volcanic and seismic activity. Hazard level has been decreased in all zones.
An overall hazard assessment for zone 1, Svartsengi, is now down to yellow (moderate hazard).
An overall hazard assessment for zone 4, Grindavík, is now down to red (high hazard). Note that the colour of zones represents the overall hazard within those zones. A hazard which is rated greater within a zone is written in bold letters in the list of hazards on the map.
The the hazard assessmept map takes effect at 15:00 today, Friday January 19 and is valid until Thursday, January 25, at 15:00, unless there are significant developments.
Updated 18 January 15:30 UTC
As reported in the news yesterday, clear signs of land rise persist beneath Svartsengi, but it is still too early to determine the rate of the uplift due to the recent volcanic activity in the area. GNSS measurements are being evaluated to provide a comprehensive assessment of the situation. However, it appears that the deformation remains similar to that observed after the volcanic eruption on December 18.
Around 200 earthquakes have been recorded near the magma conduit since yesterday, with the largest measuring 1.4 in magnitude. Since midnight, approximately 70 small earthquakes have occurred, which is fewer than measured the day before. The weather has impacted the number of earthquakes detected in recent days, but the number of earthquakes seems to have decreased overall.
A significant risk remains in Grindavík due to fissures and the potential for ground collapse into them.
Updated 17 January 18:00 UTCMagma accumulation continues under Svartsengi. It is too early to assert the rate of the land uplift shortly after the volcanic eruption. Experts will continue to assess data from GNSS stations in the area to get an overall assessment of the situation. One of the meters, which was located north of Grindavík, went under lava, but over 20 GNSS stations are in the area and are being used.
Seismic activity has been mild over the magma conduit in the last 24 hours. According to computational models, magma lies shallow at the southern end of the conduit, where the land appears to be heavily fractured, making it easier for the magma to reach the surface. Therefore, there is a continued likelihood that new eruptive fissures may open without warning.
There is still danger within Grindavík related to fissures and the potential for ground collapse into them. Significant deformation has occurred in connection with the graben in the eastern part of the town. These movements were mostly along the fissures that formed on November 10 and had already been mapped.
Gas pollution was measured yesterday during work on wells connected to the utility system within Grindavík. The Icelandic Meteorological Office does not monitor localized gas pollution within Grindavík. It needs to be further examined whether or not the gas pollution is related to the magma lying very shallow in the area. It should be noted that dangerous gas pollution is among the issues mentioned in the current hazard assessment for Grindavík.
The IMO has issued an updated hazard assessment map. There are no changes in the overall hazard assessment for the areas compared to what was previously. The map takes effect at 15:00 today and is valid until Friday, January 19, at 15:00, unless there are significant developments.
Updated 16 January 18:00 UTC
Magma continues to accumulate beneath Svartsengi at a rate similar to that observed before the last two eruptions. This was the consensus reached during a consultation meeting of scientists this morning. During the eruption this past Sunday, similar to the December 18 eruption, magma flowed eastward from the accumulation site beneath Svartsengi, creating a magma conduit extending from Stóra-Skógfell southward beneath Grindavík. Computational models support this observation and indicate that the origin of the magma was slightly further west compared to the previous eruption, leading to variations in recent GPS measurements compared to those recorded on December 18.
As a magma conduit forms close to the surface, the Earth's crust is strained, causing the land above the central part of the conduit to subside and form a graben. Additionally, the ground is elevated on either side of it. Computational models reviewed at the consultation meeting show that the GNSS station in Svartsengi is located at the edge of the conduit, where the land rises as the conduit forms. Now, two days after the conduit's formation, the Svartsengi GNSS station is expected to show subsidence if magma accumulation has ceased. However, this is not observed, indicating that magma accumulation continues as before.
The magma conduit generated in the eruption that began on Sunday lies slightly further east than the conduit that extended under Grindavík on November 10. Data collected and processed by the Icelandic Institute of Natural History and the National Land Survey of Iceland reveal that a new graben has formed east of the one that appeared on November 10. The newly formed graben measures approximately 800-1000 meters in width, as shown on the map below. The greatest subsidence within it is approximately 30 cm, but it is worth noting that the region is still experiencing subsidence, and the valley is progressively widening. In comparison, the graben that developed in Grindavík on November 10 had a width of about 2 km, with the most significant subsidence measuring around 1.3 meters.
Inside this recently formed graben, previously mapped fissures that were visible on the surface have expanded, and additional fissures have emerged. Consequently, the risk associated with these fissures and the possibility of ground collapse into them have increased in the eastern section of Grindavík compared to before.
Map showing the location and width of the graben formed on November 10th (“Mörk sigdals 10-11. nóvember”) and the newest graben that recently formed to the east (“Mörk sigdals 14-15. janúar”).
Updated 16 January at 11:45 UTC
There is currently no visible activity within the eruptive fissures, with the most recent lava observed emanating from the northern fissure shortly after 1 am last night. Seismic activity continues to decrease, signifying that the area is stabilizing. Approximately 200 small earthquakes were recorded near the magma conduit since midnight, indicating that magma is still migrating. Most seismic activity is located near Hagafell, close to the first eruptive fissure that opened on Sunday morning. At this point, it is premature to declare that the eruption is over.
GPS sensors continue to detect ground deformation in and around Grindavík, illustrating that the magma conduit beneath Grindavík is still causing expansion in the area. Thermal images from a drone last night show that fissures previously mapped southwest of Grindavík have significantly enlarged. Considerable hazards persist in the area.
Updated 15 January at 16:40 UTC
Based on webcam footage, it is evident that the lava flow has decreased from the eruptive fissures that opened yesterday. Flow from the southern eruptive fissure, which emerged around noon yesterday near the town‘s border, seems to have ceased. The majority of the remaining lava flow is now directed southwest along the protective barriers, and its trajectory seems to have stabilized.
It is difficult to estimate how long this eruption will last. Seismic activity has decreased, and GPS measurements indicate that the rate of deformation in the area has reduced. However, deformation is still detected near the southernmost part of the magma conduit beneath Grindavík.
Measurements indicate that there has been a displacement of up to 1.4 meters in the past 24 hours, distributed across numerous fissures within the town‘s boundaries. Fresh fissures have developed, and existing ones have expanded. It is possible that additional fissures may emerge on the surface in the next few days.
As previously stated, the eruption sites are extremely hazardous, and the possibility of new fissures emerging without warning cannot be dismissed. This was demonstrated by the eruptive fissure that appeared near the border of Grindavík yesterday, which provided no recognizable warning signs on the monitoring equipment.
Today, there is a mild wind from the northeast at the eruption sites, but it will pick up speed later in the day. Therefore, gas pollution is drifting southwest towards the ocean. Tomorrow, the area will experience winds from the north reaching 10-18 m/s, causing the gas to drift south. Refer to the weather service's forecast for gas dispersion details.
The Icelandic Meteorological Office continues to monitor the area and is in direct contact with civil protection and response teams in the region about the progression of the event.
Scientists met this morning for a consultation meeting organized by the Icelandic Meteorological Office. They reviewed the most recent data related to the eruption.Top of Form
In the upcoming days, there will be ongoing measurements and the collection of additional data, followed by analysis. These data are being utilized, among other things, to construct models that enhance comprehension of the pre-eruptive indicators that led up to this event and to evaluate the most likely progression of the eruption. Comparisons are also being made between the December 18 eruption and the eruption that began yesterday to enhance understanding of changes in the area and to evaluate the most likely scenarios going forward.
The Icelandic Meteorological Office has issued an updated hazard assessment map based on the latest data. It remains unchanged from the last update. The map is valid until 19:00 on Wednesday, January 17, unless new developments arise.
Map depicting the extent of the lava based on measurements conducted by the Icelandic Institute of Natural History and the University of Iceland's Institute of Earth Sciences. Surveys were conducted twice yesterday. The dark purple shape shows the extent of the lava as of 1:50 pm on January 14, while the light purple shape shows the extent as of 4:15 pm, almost 2.5 hours later. The eruptive fissures are denoted by red lines, while the barriers constructed to prevent lava from reaching Grindavík are represented by orange dotted lines
Map exhibiting the thickness of the lava flow based on measurements at 13:50 yesterday.
Updated 14 January at 15:30 UTC
The eruption near Hagafell-Grindavík has maintained the same strength for the past hour or so.
Seismic measurements show that at the beginning of the unrest this morning (~2:30 am), the magma filled dike intrusion initially moved from the SE edge of Stóra-Skógfell and then continued southwest to the southern end of Grindavík. At 5:30 am seismicity had reached the northern end of Grindavík and both seismicity and deformation measurements indicate the dike has since propagated beneath Grindavík town. A new eruptive fissure opened at 12:10 this afternoon, just north of the town. Lava flows extruded from this fissure have now entered the town.
Due to the dike propagation, existing faults and fractures were reactivated and likely new fractures formed within Grindavík.
Gas distribution
The Icelandic Meteorological Office's weather forecast for gas distribution from the eruption at Hagafell indicates that the direction is north and northeast, with a speed of 3-8 m/s, and the weather is dry and bright today. It will be cloudy at times with minor snowfall late tonight and tomorrow morning. It will clear up in the afternoon tomorrow. Pollution from the eruption is spreading south and southwest.
New Hazard Map released
The Icelandic Meteorological Office has updated the hazard assessment map in light of the interpretation of the latest data.
The risk has increased in all areas. The hazard assessment map is valid until 19:00, Monday, January 15, unless otherwise stated.
Updated 14 January at 8:20
An eruption started at 7:57 UTC
The fissure opening is southeast of Hagafell mountain.
The southern most part of the fissure is about 900 m from the town of Grindavík.
The opening is south of lava flow deflection barriers that are being built north of Grindavík. Lava is now flowing towards the town.
A picture taken on-board the Coast Guard flight. Fissure opening can be seen with the lights in Grindavík in the distance.
A map showing the fissure opening marked with a red line.
Updated 14 January at 06:15 UTC
At around 03:00 UTC today, an intense series of earthquakes began at the Sundhnúksgígar crater row.
At the time of publication, over 200 earthquakes have been measured in the area, and the seismicity has moved towards the town of Grindavík.
So far, the largest recorded earthquake is 3.5 in magnitude, and it was measured at 04:07 UTC at Hagafell.
Both real-time GPS measurements and borehole pressure readings (from HS Orka) show major changes since the onset of today's earthquake activity. These observations, in addition to the ongoing seismicity, confirm that magma is moving within the region.
Our assessment is that the possibility of an eruption is high, and that it could occur imminently.
A map showing the latest earthquake activity.
Updated 12 January at 17:45 UTC
The Icelandic Meteorological Office has updated the hazard assessment map for the Grindavík – Svartsengi region due to the ongoing unrest on the Reykjanes Peninsula. As before, the map shows an assessment of existing hazards that could occur with little warning within the specified regions. Note that the assessment applies only for hazards within the defined areas, although hazards are possible beyond the confines of the assessed regions.
In terms of colour-coding, the overall assessment for the six zones remains unchanged from the previous map. However, there is a change in the hazard assessment associated with fissures within Grindavík (zone 4). The hazards associated with sudden opening of mapped and unknown fissures within Grindavík is now deemed higher. It should be noted that the hazards associated with fissures is limited to known areas within the municipal boundaries.
Unless otherwise stated, the map is valid until Tuesday, 16 January 2024.
Updated 9 January at 13:00 UTC
Seismic activity continues to exhibit a pattern similar to that of recent days. The earthquake activity remains relatively low, primarily centered between Hagafell and Stóra Skógfell, where the center of the intrusion is situated. Additionally, there is ongoing seismic activity in Fagradalsfjall, persisting since December 18th.
Land uplift is still being measured in the Svartsengi area, exhibiting a relatively stable trend since the eruption on December 18th. The accompanying image, marked with red dots representing data from the GPS station SENG in Svartsengi, illustrates this trajectory The recent rate of uplift is approximately 5 mm per day, resulting in a current elevation that is about 5 cm higher than before the dike intrusion on November 10th and December 18th last year.
Calculations from models relying on deformation measurements (GPS and satellite images) indicate that the amount of magma accumulated in the reservoir beneath Svartsengi has reached a level comparable to the volume that led to the formation of the magma conduit and the subsequent eruption on December 18th last year. This suggests that there is an increased risk of an eruption in the coming days.
The Icelandic Meteorological Office issued an updated hazard map on January 5th, and it will be reassessed on January 12th.
Relative measurements from the GPS station SENG in Svartsengi from the beginning of October 2023 to present, displaying north, east, and vertical components (top, middle, bottom). The bottom curve shows land uplift in millimeters, with today's measurement indicated by a green dot.
Updated 5 January at 17:40 UTC
A new hazard map has been issued by IMO. The map reflects a hazard-based appraisal of the Grindavík – Svartsengi region, made on 5 January 2024. The hazard assessment is based on the latest monitoring data, including seismic activity and ground deformation, as well as geodetic modelling results. The assessment also takes into consideration the likelihood of volcanic hazards in each of the six zones, as shown on the map.
In today's assessment, the main change affects the Svartsengi region (zone 1), which is now considered to be at a moderate hazard level, reflecting a decrease from the previous version of the hazard map. The justification for this change is that the hazard rating due to the formation of major surface fractures has decreased as no new major fractures have formed lately. Additionally, the latest geophysical observations, together with our scientific consensus, makes Sundhnúksgígar the prime location for an eruption.
In the meantime, IMO continues to monitor the area and any changes will be communicated directly to civil protection via the usual communication channels.
Updated 5 January at 14:30 UTC
The rate of land uplift near Svartsengi continues to decrease. Experts gathered at the Meteorological Office this morning confirmed this through an analysis of GPS data. As previously reported, this signals a rise in magma pressure, increasing the likelihood of a new dike intrusion and potential eruption. However, it cannot be ruled out that this may alternatively suggest a decrease in magma inflow.
Approximately 490 earthquakes have occurred near the magma conduit since Tuesday, January 2. Among these, 14 had magnitudes exceeding 1.0, with the largest measuring 1.8 north of Hagafell. On Wednesday, January 3, a magnitude 4.3 earthquake occurred near Trölladyngja, followed shortly by a magnitude 3.5 earthquake and numerous aftershocks; about 900 earthquakes have been measured in the area.
The seismic activity near Trölladyngja on January 3 occurred along a recognized fault line where larger earthquakes have previously happened multiple times. There is no indication that these earthquakes are directly linked to magma movements. Nevertheless, the notable changes in the landscape associated with volcanic activity in Fagradalsfjall, the land uplift near Svartsengi, the magma conduit near Sundhnúk on November 10, and the eruption on December 18 have been measured across western Reykjanes and influence seismic activity throughout the entire region.
According to their evaluation, scientists conclude that in the event magma reaches the surface, the most probable site for a subsequent eruption would again be Sundhnúksgígaröðinni, situated between Stóra-Skógfell and Hagafell. However, it is important to remember that dike intrusions do not always culminate in an eruption, as evidenced by the activity at Fagradalsfjall and also during the Krafla fires.
Updated 3 January at 12:30 UTC
At 10:50 AM, an earthquake of magnitude 4.5 occurred near Trölladyngja, followed shortly by another earthquake measuring 3.9 at 10:54 AM and a series of aftershocks. The earthquakes occurred at a depth of approximately 5 km and were likely triggered in response to stress released from earth movement elsewhere on the Reykjanes Peninsula. These earthquakes were widely felt in the southwest region of Iceland.
The location of the earthquakes is about 20 km NNE of Svartsengi, where land rise due to magma accumulation is ongoing.
The accompanying image shows the location of the earthquake that occurred at 10:50 AM and its impact area.
Updated 2 January at 14:00 UTC
The rate of ground displacement at Svartsengi is decreasing. Experts gathered at the Meteorological Office this morning confirmed this through an analysis of GPS data.
The deceleration of inflation is an indication that magma pressure is rising, increasing the chances of new dike intrusion and also volcanic eruption. This is a similar change in ground displacement that was observed at the end of the day on December 15, which culminated in an eruption three days later. However, it is difficult to assert whether this pattern will repeat.
The first signs of an impending volcanic eruption are a sudden increase in seismic activity, and such signs were observed shortly before the eruption began on December 18.
In recent days, seismic activity in the area has been relatively consistant, with around 200 earthquakes recorded per day. Most of the earthquakes measure below magnitude 1.0, but around 30 earthquakes with magnitudes exceeding 1.0 have been recorded since December 29, with the largest being a magnitude 2.1 located in the northern part of Grindavík.
Continued scientific assessment indicates that, should an eruption occur, the Sundhnúkur crater row, between Stóra-Skógafell and Hagafell, is the most probable location for an eruption. However, it is important to note that magma migration does not always result in an eruption, as demonstrated by the activity at Fagradalsfjall and in the Krafla Fires.
The hazard assessment map issued by the Meteorological Office onDecember 29 remains unchanged and is valid until January 5.
Seismic activity continues to be measured west of Fagradalsfjall, where around 100 small earthquakes have been recorded since December 29. Further analysis of the monitoring data will soon be conducted to obtain a clearer picture of the situation at Fagradalsfjall.
Updated 29 December at 15:15 UTC
The ground continues to inflate at Svartsengi. At the GPS station Svartsengi (SENG), the land has now reached a similar height as measured just before the eruption on 18 December. The rate of uplift since 18 December has remained constant, which is different from the situation before the last eruption, where uplift slowed in the days before the eruption. However, it is difficult to assert that the uplift will slow down before the next eruption, though this has been the case in eruptions on the Reykjanes Peninsula in recent years, and it was also noted during the Krafla Fires. Uncertainty remains about how much magma pressure needs to build up before magma starts moving towards the surface.
The current uplift is not accompanied by as much seismic activity as before. The reason for this is that significant stress in the area was released during the events on 10 November and 18 December. Therefore, considerably more magma needs to accumulate before seismic activity increases from its current level. Before the last eruption, there were several earthquakes over magnitude 3 and one over magnitude 4. Similar seismic activity can be expected in connection with the next magma intrusion.
As magma accumulation continues under Svartsengi, the likelihood of another magma intrusion and an eruption increases with each passing day. It is most likely that the next eruption will occur in the Sundhnúkur, between Stóra-Skógfell and Hagafell. It is important to note that magma intrusions do not always lead to an eruption, as shown by the activity at Fagradalsfjall and in the Krafla Fires.
The Icelandic Meteorological Office has issued an updated hazard map, based on the joint interpretation of data at a status meeting held today, 29 December. The overall assessment of hazard levels within the areas remains unchanged from the last update. However, changes have been made to the list of potential hazards within area 4, Grindavík, where risks due to possible lava flow and gas pollution have been added. The changes are due to increased chances of an eruption north of Grindavík. This hazard map will be reviewed on 5 January 2024.
In the meantime, IMO continues to monitor the area and any changes will be communicated directly to civil protection via the usual communication channels.
Updated 27 December at 14:20 UTC
Since 22 December, around 730 earthquakes have been recorded in the vicinity of the magma intrusion, of which 40 had a magnitude above M1. The largest earthquake over this period had a magnitude of 2.1 on 26 December, north of Hagafell. Most of the earthquakes are occurring at a depth of 4 km. Additionally, between 22 December and today, around 140 earthquakes have been located on the western side of Fagradalsfjall. Five of these earthquakes were above M1 in size and the overall depth range was 4 to 7 km.
Ground deformation continues in the Svartsengi region, and the rate of deformation is now similar to before the eruption on 18 December 2023. This means that magma continues to accumulate under Svartsengi. Therefore, it is increasingly likely that another magma intrusion will occur, possibility leading to a second volcanic eruption. Geodetic modelling results indicate that over 10 million m3 of magma were sourced from beneath Svartsengi to feed the intrusion that formed on 18 December, which led to the eruption. Based on the ongoing uplift rate, it will take one to two weeks for the same amount of magma to accumulate again underneath Svartsengi. There is still significant uncertainty on when the built-up in magma pressure will be sufficient to trigger the next magma intrusion.
It should be noted that the original magma intrusion, which formed on 10 November, extended 15 km from Kálfafellsheiði in the north to the southwest of Grindavík, just offshore. This means that magma propagated at depth beneath the entire area, including the town of Grindavík. However, the most likely source area for the next eruption is between Stóra-Skógfell and Hagafell. Based on insights from the December 2023 eruption, the likelihood for the next event increases day by day.
The hazard assessment map issued on 22 December 2023 remains valid. Assuming an unchanged situation, a new map will be issued on 29 December.
Time-series of continuous GPS solutions from station Svartsengi (SENG). The graph shows ground displacements in three components over the past 90 days. From bottom to top they are: up, east, and north, all measured in millimetres. The blue, vertical line shows the timing of the 10 November magma intrusion, and the red line the volcanic eruption on 18 December 2023. Each data point represents a 24-hour solution, and the vertical component shows clearly the ongoing ground uplift at Svartsengi.
Updated 22 December at 17:00 UTC
As announced yesterday, the fissure eruption at Sundhnúksgígar has ended. This indicates a temporary cessation of eruptive activity. In the last 24 hours, nearly 90 earthquakes were recorded in the Grindavík, Sundhnúksgígar, and Svartsengi regions. The largest earthquake was M1.6 west of Hagafell, just after 16:00 UTC yesterday (21 December). Overall, seismicity levels are low but variable on a daily basis.
According to GPS and satellite-based measurements, ground uplift in the Svartsengi region was apparent immediately after the eruption began on the evening of 18 December. Initial measurements show that the rate of uplift is greater than before the eruption occurred. This signifies that magma accumulation continues unabated beneath Svartsengi. This development will likely lead to another dike intrusion and, ultimately, a volcanic eruption. In the event of an eruption, the most likely source region is between Stóra-Skógfell and Hagafell.
Continuous GPS measurements show that the rate of daily ground uplift at Svartsengi between 10 November, when the magmatic intrusion formed, and 18 December progressively declined. This process is likely to repeat itself, meaning that the next dike intrusion could begin with little warning when the uplift rate decreases again. Therefore, the likelihood of an eruption increases day-by-day.
Following confirmation of the end of the 18 December eruption, the Icelandic Meteorological Office has issued a new hazard assessment. The hazard map comes into effect at 16:00 UTC today (22 December), and it remains valid until 18:00 UTC on 29 December. The main changes affect zones 2 and 3, where hazard levels have reduced from very high (purple) to high (red). The hazard assessment for all other zones is unchanged. Notably, the assessment for Grindavík is unchanged from the previous map, and the hazard level remains considerable. We emphasise that conditions can change rapidly, and that weather conditions can significantly affect the sensitivity of our monitoring networks. Under such conditions, the warning time could shorten considerably.
The weather forecast for Grindavík on 23 December calls for northeast wind 10-15 m/s, intermittent snowfall, and possibly drifting snow. Temperatures will be low, between 3 to 5°C. On 24 December, winds from the north 13-18 m/s with occasional snow showers, but 10-15 m/s in the afternoon with decreasing snow showers. Intermittent drifting snow can be expected. Temperatures will be from 0 to 2°C
The latest hazard assessment map,
published on 22 December, 16:00 UTC. It is important to note that new
hazards could arise with little warning within the specified areas.
Additionally, the assessment applies only to the specified areas,
whereas hazards could extend or occur beyond the identified zones.
Updated 21 December at 12:55 UTC
Scientists who flew over the eruption site this morning confirm that no eruptive activity is visible and that lava flow from the craters seems to have ceased. Glowing is still visible in the lava field, possibly within closed channels. This was also confirmed by an Elfu staff member in Sýlingarfell. The activity appears to have diminished late last night or very early this morning. However, it is still possible that lava is flowing in closed channels, so it is premature to declare the eruption over.
Earthquake activity has continued to decrease, and over the last 24 hours, approximately 70 minor earthquakes were measured over the magma conduits. The largest quake yesterday occurred at 14:27 and measured 1.4 in magnitude, while the largest since midnight last night was magnitude 1.9. Deformation measurements at Svartsengi show little movement, but measurements over the next few days will further clarify the situation there.
Gas dispersion, mainly due to the degassing of the lava field, will be southeastward and out to sea today. Tomorrow, with a slower northeast wind, the gas will travel southwest.
At this point, it is difficult to predict the continuation of the eruption, but scientists at the Meteorological Office are constantly assessing the latest data and continue to closely monitor the area.
Updated 20 December at 18:50 UTC
The eruption that began in the Sundhnúksgígar crater row on 18 December started with considerable force, and the warning period was short. About 90 minutes passed from the first signs of seismicity until the eruption began. The eruption occurred on the magma intrusion that formed on 10 November. The magma is sourced most likely from beneath Svartsengi, where the land has risen repeatedly since 2020.
In the last 24 hours, the highest activity in the eruption has remained around the middle of the fissure that opened on 18 December. Seismic activity has been relatively steady, and there have been little changes in deformation since the eruption began. Considering this, the Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO) assesses that the likelihood of a new eruption forming without warning nearby Grindavík has decreased. Therefore, IMO has issued a new hazard assessment map that will take effect tomorrow, Thursday, 21 December at 7:00 UTC. The hazard assessment map is valid until 28 December. It should be noted that although the likelihood of vent formation within area 4 has decreased, the hazard level in that area is nevertheless considered substantial. Even though the activity has decreased since the eruption began, the intensity of the eruption is still significant and comparable to eruptions at Fagradalsfjall. It has also been shown that the magma can reach the surface quickly, leaving little time to issue warnings.
Because of the volcanic eruption that began at Sundhnúksgígar crater row on 18 December, there is an increased likelihood of further vent openings on the original fissure. Based on the sudden onset of the eruption at Sundhnúksgígar, the warning time for new fissure openings could be very short.
Updated 20 December at 17:00 UTC
The vigor of the eruption continues to diminish. New images of the area show that currently two craters are erupting. The most active today is the crater directly east of Sýlingarfell which is the southernmost of the craters that were active yesterday.
Lava continues to mostly flow east from the volcanic vents, but a lava tongue has also run west, north of Stóra-Skógfell. The southernmost edge of the lava does not appear to be advancing. Satellite images taken last night show that the lava field is about 3.7 square kilometers in size.
Wind will turn northwesterly tonight and tomorrow, and pollution will be transported southeastward and out to sea. The Icelandic Meteorological Office regularly issues gas pollution forecasts.
There has been a significant decrease in earthquake activity, and over the last 24 hours, about 80 small tremors have been measured over the magma conduits. The largest quake was 2.2 in magnitude at 10:55 am yesterday morning, and the largest since midnight is 1.2 in magnitude.
Updated 19 December at 18:30 UTC
The eruption continues to weaken. New aerial images of the area show that there are now three vents erupting southeast of Stóra-Skógfell, down from the previous five. The lava has mostly flowed east from the eruption site, but there is also a lava tongue flowing west from the region north of Stóra-Skógfell.
Since the eruption began, about 320 earthquakes have been measured over the magma channels. The largest earthquake, with a magnitude of 4.1, occurred at 23:25 on Monday. After midnight, seismic activity significantly decreased, and since 12:00 today, only 10 earthquakes have been recorded in the region. Following the eruption at Sundhnúksgíga, the land in Svartsengi subsided more than 5 cm. Previously, the land had risen there by about 35 cm since the formation of the magma channel on November 10. It is too early to determine if magma will continue to accumulate under Svartsengi and whether the land will start to rise again.
While the eruption continues at Sundhnúksgíga, there is an increased likelihood that more vents may open along the original fissure as well as further north or south. Looking back at the lead-up to the eruption reveals that there were approximately 90 minutes between the first indicators and the start of the eruption. Therefore, the warning time for new vent openings at Sundhnúk could be very short.
Updated 19 December at 14:30 UTC
The size of the volcanic eruption at Sundhnúksgígar continues to diminish. The lava flow is estimated to be about one-quarter of what it was at the beginning of the eruption on 18 December, and a third of the original fissure is active. The lava fountains are also lower than at the start of the eruption, reaching about 30 meters at their highest. These figures are based on visual estimates from a reconnaissance flight early on 19 December.
The development of the eruption is similar to recent eruptions at Fagradalsfjall, where the fissures are starting to contract and form individual eruption vents. Presently, there are about five eruption vents spread along the original fissure.
According to information from scientists who went on a second helicopter flight with the Icelandic Coast Guard at around 04:00 UTC today, the total length of the fissure eruption has not changed much from the beginning. There was little activity at the southern end of the fissure near Hagafell, and the majority of the lava flow is heading east towards Fagradalsfjall. Two streams reach west, both north of Stóra-Skógfell.
At the time of publication, the volcanic plume is drifting from the west and northwest. Gas pollution might be noticeable in Vestmannaeyjar today, but not elsewhere in populated areas. According to the weather forecast, gas pollution might be detected in the capital area late tonight or tomorrow morning.
A new hazard assessment map is being prepared, and it will be published later today.
Amplitude image from an ICEYE satellite acquired at 03:11 this morning (19 Dec. 2023). Preliminary analysis of this image show the new eruptive fissure (yellow line) and lava flow (colored area). Notice that he dams built around Svartsengi are clearly visible.
Updated 19 December at 3:00
The intensity of the volcanic eruption, which started about four hours ago, is decreasing. This is evident from seismic and GPS measurements. The fact that the activity is decreasing already is not an indication of how long the eruption will last, but rather that the eruption is reaching a state of equilibrium. This development has been observed at the beginning of all eruptions on the Reykjanes Peninsula in recent years.
The eruptive fissure is about 4 km long, with the northern end just east of Stóra-Skógfell and the southern end just east of Sundhnúk. The distance from the southern end to the edge of Grindavík is almost 3 km.
The Icelandic Meteorological Office continues to monitor the activity and is in direct contact with civil protection and response units in the area. A meeting of scientists will be held tomorrow morning to evaluate the overnight development of the eruption.
This news will be updated at 09:00 on 19 December.
Updated 19 December at 02:10
According to the latest aerial observations and seismicity, the eruption fissure is expanding to the south. At the time of publication, the southern end of the fissure was close to Sundhnúkur.
The eruption is located on the dyke intrusion that formed in November. The rate of lava discharge during the first two hours of the eruption was thought to be on a scale of hundreds of cubic metres per second, with the largest lava fountains on the northern end of the fissures.
Lava is spreading laterally from either side of the newly opened fissures. From real-time GPS measurements, significant ground deformation has accompanied the opening of the eruption fissures.
Since midnight on 19 December, the level of seismicity at the eruption site has decreased. Additionally, estimates of fissure lengthening suggest that the eruption has decreased in intensity since its onset at 22:17 on 18 December.
Updated 18 December at 23:00
At 22:17 this evening, a volcanic eruption began north of Grindavík on the Reykjanes peninsula. The eruption is located close to Sundhnúkagígar, about four kilometres northeast of Grindavík, and it can be seen on nearby web cameras. The eruption was preceded by an earthquake swarm that started at 21:00.
A Coast Guard helicopter will take off shortly to confirm the exact location and size of the eruption.
More information will be available soon.
Updated 16 December at 14:00 UTC
At this stage it is too early to say if magma accumulation at Svartsengi has stopped and the inflation is over. The rate of deformation has decreased somewhat in recent days, but more data is needed to interpret the possible development of the activity in Svartsengi.
Scientists will continue to analyze the data in the coming days.
A new hazard map will be released on Wednesday December 20th, which will reflect the interpretation of the latest data.
Updated 15. December at 13:00 UTC
Generally weak seismicity continues in the area affected by the dike and is mostly concentrated near Hagafell. Since Tuesday December 12, 460 earthquakes, 30 of which were greater than M1.0, have been measured. The largest earthquake in this time was M2.8 near Hagafell on Tuesday morning. Data from GPS stations and satellite images show that uplift due to the accumulation of magma continues around Svartsengi. While magma continues to accumulate in this area, further dikes or an eruption remain possible.
The hazard map published on December 6 Icelandic map here below continues to be valid until December 20. Conditions inside and outside the demarcated hazard zones can change with little warning.
Updated 13. December at 11:15 UTC
The area around Svartsengi continues to inflate. The rate of inflation has decreased somewhat since Friday, but it is still greater than it was prior to the formation of the dike that traveled under Grindavík November 10 .
While magma continues to accumulate around Svartsengi, further dikes or an eruption remain possible.
If another dike forms it is considered to be likeliest that it would follow the same path as the November 10 dike. The most likely location for a potential eruption under these conditions is assessed to be north of Grindavík in the direction of Hagafell and the area around Sundhnúkagígar.
Seismic activity continues at a similar level to the previous days. It is generally weak and mostly in the area around Hagafell.
Updated 6. December at 18:00 UTC
Latest geodetic modelling results suggests that the magma inflow to the dike that formed on November 10 has likely ceased. The chances of an eruption happening along the dike at this time have therefore significantly decreased. However, magma accumulation continues beneath Svartsengi.
The ongoing activity at Svartsengi, which began in October, is not yet over and a new chapter may have begun with an increased chance of a new magma propagation and, subsequently, increased likelihood of an eruption.
As previously mentioned, the dike beneath Grindavík was fed by magma accumulating beneath Svartsengi. It is likely that this sequence of events will repeat. When looking at the overall pattern with repeated magma accumulation, it can be estimated that the next magma propagation from Svartsengi might be on a smaller scale than the one previously formed on November 10. A magma propagation could persist for several hours or days with an increased risk due to seismic activity and deformation during that period.
Signs of a magma propagation include a sudden increase in seismic activity and rapid changes in ground deformation. These signs can be observed on instruments several hours before the magma propagation is likely to pose a threat to Svartsengi or Grindavík. If a magma propagation occurs, the Icelandic Meteorological Office will immediately activate response plans for public safety.
Following a magma propagation, the likelihood of an eruption increases. As mentioned above, it is most likely that magma will propagate from Svartsengi into the previously formed dike on November 10. Making it the most likely area for an eruption.
It is not possible to estimate when the next magma propagation will occur. The uncertainty is considerable, and a magma propagation could happen in the next few days or possibly after several months.
The Icelandic Meteorological Office continues to monitor the area closely and continues to monitor any signs of magma propagation and other changes that could pose further danger in the area near Svartsengi and Grindavík.
Comparison of Svartsengi and Krafla Fires
In the last week, approximately 300-500 earthquakes were detected in a 24-hour period around the dike intrusion. The largest earthquake was a M2.7 near Hagafell on Friday evening. Since midnight today, about 90 earthquakes have been detected along the dike, all measuring below a M2.0. The majority of seismic activity continues to be concentrated along the middle of the dike at about 3-4 km depth. Due to subsidence in Svartsengi the stress in the Earth's crust has changed. Until the previous stress level is reached, it can be expected that minor seismicity continuous in the region.
Despite the recent decrease in seismic activity in the last weeks, further unrest can be expected on the Reykjanes Peninsula. Examples of similar unrest can be seen in the Krafla Fires that began in 1975. Over a 10-year period, there were 20 magma propagations, with 9 of them resulting in an eruption (see explanatory image below). In the Krafla Fires, all of the magma propagations fed the same dike but they varied in size. A similar recurrence can also be observed in the activity around Fagradalsfjall.
The latest geodetic modeling results indicate that the volume of magma currently accumulated under Svartsengi is considerably less than the volume accumulated before the dike intrusion on November 10. When looking at the magma accumulation and magma propagation in the Krafla Fires, it is evident that the largest amount of magma had accumulated in the Krafla caldera before the first volcanic eruption. A smaller amount of magma accumulated in the caldera before the next magma propagation occurred. It can be estimated that a similar development will occur in relation to magma accumulation under Svartsengi, and a smaller amount of magma needs to accumulate before triggering the next magma propagation into the dike. It is likely that slowly increasing seismicity will be detected before a new magma propagation takes place, indicating increased pressure under Svartsengi.
Updated 1. December at 16:50 UTC
The seismicity on the peninsula continues to decrease. For the past few days, the automatic earthquake location system has been detecting relatively few earthquakes, mostly micro-earthquakes below magnitude one. The most recent seismicity is concentrated in the area between Sýlingarfell and Hagafell, where most likely the dike is fed by magma accumulating beneath Svartsengi. Some deformation is still detected at the cGPS stations located close to the dike, but the signal is now mainly interpreted as the response of the crust to the inflation ongoing in the Svartsengi area.
Even though the activity along the dike and its vicinity is now occurring at very low intensity, the inflation which started in Svartsengi few days after the dike formed, continues at a fairly stable rate. Some cGPS stations around Svartsengi and Mt. Þorbjörn shows a slow declining trend, but other stations still show a constant trend suggesting that the inflow rate of magma at depth has not reduced significantly.
The process which began on 25 October with a significant seismic swarm and peaked on 10 November with the formation of a 15 km long magmatic dike is not over. With certainty it can be stated that a phase has started where a similar sequence of events might repeat in time.
At this stage, though, is difficult to say when the next energetic intrusion of magma at shallower depth might occur and if it will occur in a similar area or not. The IMO continues to maintain the surveillance of the area at high level.
Updated 29. November at 17:00 UTC
The seismic activity has continued to slowly decrease over the last two days. Yesterday, about 340 earthquakes were measured near the magma intrusion in the area east of Sýlingarfell, and since midnight today, around 150 earthquakes have been recorded. Most of the earthquakes have been smaller than magnitude 1.0.
The rate of uplift near Svartsengi has been decreasing, but it is still ongoing at a rate of about 1 cm per day. The majority of the displacement in the region is currently attributed to inflow under Svartsengi with a smaller portion flowing into the magmatic intrusion. In other words, the deformation measured and modeled at Svartsengi is now much greater than that seen near the magma intrusion, but all deformation signals are slowly diminishing. Observed signs of inflow into the magmatic intrusion is now limited to the area east of Sýlingarfell. Despite the slowing down of seismic activity and deformation, an eruption is still considered to be possible. If an eruption does occur, the location thought to be most likely is east of Sýlingarfell.
Here is a timeline for the GPS station Svartsengi (SENG). It shows movements over the last 90 days in the north, east, and vertical directions. The blue line marks the magma intrusion from November 10th until today.
This image depicts the movements from the station since November 10th until today.
Updated 27. November at 16:30 UTC
Seismic activity has been relatively stable for the past few days with a daily rate of about 500 earthquakes in the area of the magmatic dike. Most of the seismicity continues to be nearby Sýlingarfell and Hagafell. Around midnight a short-lived seismic swarm commenced in the vicinity of Sýlingarfell and lasted for roughly one hour. A total of 170 earthquakes were detected in the area at a depth of 3-5 km. The earthquakes were almost all very small with one M3.0.
Data from GPS stations and satellite images show that uplift continues in the area of Svartsengi and deformation is still ongoing along and around the dike. The elevated seismic activity which occurred around midnight isn´t associated with any changes to the ongoing deformation. Both seismic and deformation data suggest that magma continues to accumulate beneath Svartsengi and to flow into the middle portion of the dike which formed on 10 November. The seismic swarm that occurred this night might indicate increasing pressure within the dike.
In light of the available data and the newest analysis, an eruption along the dike is still considered likely as long as the magma inflow continues. It is assessed that the area with the highest likelihood for an eruption is in the middle part of the dike between Hagafell and Sýlingarfell. The hazard map published by the IMO on 22 November remains valid.
Additional geodetical modelling has been performed to reconstruct the evolution of the dike which formed on 10 November. These newest results suggest that the dike at depth could be wider than initially assessed. The time needed to solidify the magma that intruded into the dike would be therefore estimated to be on the order of a few months.
This picture shows reviewed earthquakes since 24. November.
Updated 24. November at 13:30 UTC
Yesterday, around 650 earthquakes were measured near the dike intrusion north of Grindavík, and since midnight today, nearly 300 earthquakes have been detected. Most of the earthquakes are below M1.0, but the largest earthquake in the last two days was M2.7 near Hagafell. The seismic activity continues to decrease.
Data from GPS measurements show that deformation continues near Svartsengi, and deformation is still measured around the dike intrusion. However, there are indications that the rate of deformation has decreased based on data from the past week. Though, the interpretation of deformation data is complex at this stage. This is because other processes, such as fault movements related to earthquakes and the viscoelastic response of the Earth's crust to unrest in the area, have an impact on the deformation signals.
Considering the latest interpretation of all data, the likelihood of a volcanic eruption at some location along the length of the magma intrusion persists. It is possible that magma could emerge in the area between Hagafell and Sýlingarfell. However, as crustal relaxation continues to occur and seismicity decreases, along with a decrease in magma inflow to the intrusion, the likelihood of an imminent volcanic eruption diminishes with time.
Overview of seismic activity from Friday, November 17th. The upper graph shows the number of earthquakes per hour, and the lower graph shows the number of earthquakes per day. The effects of strong wind and heavy sea swell on the Reykjanes Peninsula on November 21st and 22nd are evident in fewer recorded earthquakes due to reduced sensitivity of the seismic network during that time.
Updated 23. November at 12:30 UTC
On 21 November, approximately 300 earthquakes were detected in the region of the magma intrusion. From midnight on 22 November to 18:00 UTC on the same day, around 100 earthquakes had been recorded in the same region, which is considerably less than in recent days. Additionally, the intensity of earthquakes above magnitude 2.0 has decreased. During the period of severe weather on 21 and 22 November, efforts were made to assess how weather conditions and ocean swell influences IMO's monitoring systems.
Magma inflow rates and crustal adjustments related to the formation of the intrusion continue to diminish. Additionally, crustal uplift near to Svartsengi continues at a similar pace. Geodetical models based on data from 21 November suggest that the influx into the intrusion is greatest near to the Sundhnúkur crater row, about 4 km northeast of Grindavík. Minor surface displacements have been detected within the graben region in and around Grindavík.
The likelihood of a volcanic eruption at some location along the length of the magma intrusion persists. It is possible that magma could emerge in the area between Hagafell and Sýlingarfell. However, as crustal relaxation continues to occur and seismicity decreases, along with a decrease in magma inflow to the intrusion, the likelihood of an imminent volcanic eruption diminishes with time.
Based on the latest data, and considering the evolution of activity since 10 November, the likelihood of a sudden eruption within the Grindavík urban area is decreasing daily, and it is presently assessed as low. It can be assumed that newly emplaced magma beneath Grindavík has solidified partially, thereby reducing the likelihood that the magma will reach the surface within the city limits. However, we emphasise that the possibility of a volcanic eruption at some point along the length of the intrusion, particularly between Hagafell and Sýlingarfell, remains plausible.
It is apparent that there is a strong connection between crustal uplift in the Svartsengi region and the sudden, initial propagation of the magma intrusion on 10 November. Models indicate that the magma in the reservoir beneath Svartsengi may have flowed eastward towards the Sundhnúkur craters, subsequently forming the 15-km-long volcanic intrusion. While crustal uplift in Svartsengi continues, it is expected that the accumulating magma may flow again eastwards, potentially reactivating the intrusion. It is also feasible that a magma intrusion could form to the west of the magma body accumulating beneath Svartsengi. Precursors to such an event would include pronounced seismicity and rapid ground displacements, both of which are monitored closely by IMO continuously.
Updated 21. November at 15:30 UTC
Since midnight today, 165 earthquakes have been recorded due to the ongoing volcanic unrest, all below magnitude 2.0 in size. The level of seismicity today is considerably lower than in the recent days, when 1,500-1,800 earthquakes were recorded each day. It can be expected that the intense weather affecting the country has an impact on the sensitivity of the seismic monitoring system to detect the smallest earthquakes, making it difficult to assess whether the seismic activity is decreasing overall.
The deformation associated with the magma intrusion that formed on November 10 continues. Likewise, crustal uplift continues near Svartsengi. The speed of the uplift at Svartsengi has remained almost the same during the past 24 hours.
In collaboration with specialists from the University of Iceland, IMO continues to monitor the area as effectively as possible, constantly re-evaluating and interpreting the data received.
As mentioned before, IMO has increased surveillance in and around Grindavík and the area around Hagafell. The effectiveness of this surveillance depends on the high sensitivity of earthquake and real-time GPS measurements, which are highly dependent on weather conditions. Given the weather forecast for the next two days, which indicates precipitation and significant wind, it can be expected that both seismic monitoring and real-time GPS observations will be affected. Ocean waves also create microseisms that overwhelm the low-frequency detection capabilities of seismometers on the Reykjanes Peninsula. Fog and hail showers could also affect the visual confirmation of an eruption, adding to the monitoring and assessment uncertainty.
Updated 20. November at 13:20 UTC
Since midnight today, over 700 earthquakes have been detected in the region of the magma intrusion, the largest of which was magnitude 2.7 near to Hagafell.
In recent days, between 1,500 and 1,800 daily earthquakes have been measured in the region, with the largest event registering magnitude 3.0 last Friday (17 November). Based on radar imagery from 18 and 19 November 2023, the latest interferogram of the magma intrusion and the surrounding area shows significant crustal uplift in the vicinity of Svartsengi. The newly processed interferogram was reviewed by experts during the weekend (18 – 19 November) from the Icelandic Meteorological Office, the University of Iceland, and the Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management. The results were also discussed in today's status meeting, held at IMO. The rapid, ongoing uplift close to Svartsengi is occurring in the same area where uplift was measured before the magma intrusion formed on November 10. Geodetic models derived from satellite images show that the uplift in Svartsengi area is considerably faster than before. Generally, when a magma intrusion forms, subsidence occurs above the centreline of the intrusion, as seen in Grindavík, with signs of land uplift discernible adjacent to the intrusion. Crustal uplift in the Svartsengi region due to magma accumulating at depth has been measurable since the intrusion began to form on 10 November. Initially, the uplift sign was influenced by the formation of the intrusion, but now the dominance of deep magma recharge is apparent.
The clear sign of crustal uplift in Svartsengi region does not change the likelihood of an eruption from the magma intrusion. This is assessed, amongst other things, on the fact that the Earth's crust over the magma intrusion is much weaker than the crust over the uplift region close to Svartsengi. As long as there is not significant seismicity in the Svartsengi region, there is not a high likelihood of an eruption at that location. Moreover, an eruption is still deemed more likely from the intrusion, particularly if there is a sudden, large inflow of magma into the intrusion.
Our monitoring and hazard assessment preparations are still based on the assumption that the situation could change suddenly with little warning. The Icelandic Meteorological Office, in close cooperation with experts from the University of Iceland, will continue to monitor the area closely, with the goal of continually interpreting and evaluating all available monitoring observations.
COSMO-Skymed interferogram spanning 24-hours between 18−19 November at 06:41. The broad uplift signal visible in orange/red around Svartsengi is indicative of a deep inflation (>5 km) taking place.
Updated 18 November at 15:00 UTC
Seismicity related to the magma intrusion that formed suddenly a week ago remains high and constant. Approximately 1,700 earthquakes have been recorded in the last 24 hours, 1.000 of those recorded since midnight. The largest earthquake during the last 24 hours had a magnitude of 2.8 and occurred near Hagafell, 3.5 km NNE of Grindavík.
Updated 17 November at 12:00 UTC
Seismicity related to the magma intrusion that formed suddenly a week ago remains high and constant, although the level of activity is substantially lower than 10 – 12 November 2023. Approximately 2,000 earthquakes have been recorded in the last 24 hours, with most activity in an area north of Hagafell, towards the Sundhnúkar craters. Most of the seismicity is micro-earthquake activity comprising earthquakes under M 1. The largest earthquake during the last 24 hours occurred at 06:35 near Hagefell; it had a magnitude of 3.0.
According to GPS measurements, ground deformation continues but at a decreasing rate. The latest geophysical models based on GPS data and satellite imagery indicate that the largest movements in the magma intrusion are occurring north of Grindavík, near Hagafell. If magma manages to reach the surface, Hagafell is thought to be a prime location for an eruption.
Subsidence over the magma intrusion remains active, although measurements show a slight slowdown from day to day. Presently, GPS stations located in and around Grindavík, near the center of the subsidence zone, show about 3–4 cm of subsidence per day.
Based on the interpretation of the latest data and model results, a volcanic eruption remains likely, with the highest likelihood of it starting north of Grindavík near Hagafell.
A map showing the extent of the subsidence over the magma instrusion in and around Grindavík. A GPS station (GRIC) located near the center of the subsidence has recorded a total subsidence of 25 cm since the beginning of the event.
Updated 16 November at 17:50 UTC
Over the past few days, seismicity near the magma intrusion has remained relatively stable. As of 17:00 today, about 1,400 earthquakes have been recorded since midnight, the largest being 2.9 in magnitude, sourced near Hagafell just after 13:00. Most of the earthquakes were under magnitude 2, with the highest concentration of activity near Hagafell.
Deformation related to the magma intrusion continues to be measured, although it has slowed slightly since yesterday. The latest models, derived from GPS measurements and satellite data, still suggest that the largest movements of the magma intrusion are north of Grindavík near Hagafell. If magma manages to break through to the surface, it is most likely to happen in the region of Hagafell.
Eartly today, sulphur dioxide (SO2), a type of volcanic gas, was measured from a borehole at Svartsengi, located just north of Þorbjörn. The borehole extends eastward to considerable depth towards the Sundhnúkur crater row. The base of the borehole therefore reaches close to the location in the crust was the magma intrusion is located. Further gas measurements will be conducted tomorrow, 17 November. The detection of volcanic gas from such a borehole is another independent confirmation of the presence of magma north of Hagafell, as indicated by seismic activity and geophysical modelling results.
The likelihood of an eruption remains high. Monitoring continues for signs of shallowing seismicity and sudden crustal movements, which could be precursors to magma breaking its way to the surface. At the time of writing, no such signs had been observed.
Updated 15. November at 11:30 UTC
Since
midnight, about 800 earthquakes have been measured, most of them in the middle
of the magma dyke at Sundhnúk at a depth of about 3-5 km. Seismic activity has
remained constant since 11th of November. The main monitoring focus
on seismic activity remains in the area of the dike and Grindavík.
Deformation measurements show
continued deformation in the area. They are consistent with magma still flowing
into the dyke. Part of the magma dyke seems to be solidifying, especially at
the edges, but not at the magma inflow area, which is believed to be near
Sundhnúk.
Measurements of sulfur
dioxide (SO2) seem to show fluctuating degassing due to the magma dyke, but
further measurements are needed for confirmation. Analysis of this data is
currently underway in collaboration with the Chalmers University in Sweden.
The fiber optic cable of HS Orka, that runs from Svartsengi west of Þorbjörn to Arfadalsvík is beeing used as a continuous seismic measuring line with high sensitivity. This is a new technology that has developed in recent years and is now used as additional measurements in collaboration with HS Orku and ETH in Switzerland.
Overall, the situation seems to be unchanged since yesterday. The probability of an eruption is still considered high. In the event of an eruption, the most likely location is at the magma dyke.
Updated 14. November at 19:20 UTC
Earlier this week, IMO specialists installed two DOAS remote sensing instruments on Húsafell. These instruments can measure the presence and the amount of SO2 in the atmosphere. One of the DOAS instruments detected SO2 yesterday and today at the newly formed graben, located between Sundhnúkagígar and Grindavík. Because of the low amount of daylight, the measurements can be imprecise, and it took time to review the data and interpret it. In the last two days, eastern winds have been prevalent in the area, so it cannot be ruled out that recent strong seismicity has caused the release of SO2 from beneath Fagardalsfjall, as magma at that location has not solidified yet since the eruption in July 2023.
It is hard to estimate the depth from which the SO2 is being released as the process is influenced by magma pressure. However, it is thought that the magma needs to be in the upper hundred meters of the crust in order for SO2 to be released. This is one of the reasons why the DOAS instruments have been sited close to Grindavík.
DOAS (Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometer) is a tool that can detect sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere. The method relies on visible light, which travels through the atmosphere, hits a sensor in the measuring device, which is then analyzed for certain colors (wavelengths) that are missing from the spectrum. Sulfur dioxide absorbs certain wavelengths of light, which means that light hits the measuring instrument in a different way if SO2 is detected. The probe scans certain sectors of the sky, and it provides information on the concentration of sulfur dioxide within the area scanned. DOAS measurements need daylight to work, so operating such instruments in the wintertime in Iceland can be challenging.
Updated 14. November at 12:40 UTC
Since midnight, 14 November, over 700 earthquakes have been located along the orientation of the magma intrusion, the largest of which was M 3.1 near to Hagafell. Last night, 13 November, stress-triggered seismicity occurred close to Kleifarvatn, with the largest earthquake registering M 3.8 at 21:09 UTC. Today, most earthquakes are occurring along the magma intrusion, with the majority being micro-earthquakes, commonly at focal depths of 3 to 5 km.
Deformation measurements, including high-resolution aerial observations, satellite radar imagery, and ground-based GPS observations reveal continued, ongoing ground movements due to the ongoing formation of the magma intrusion. These results are consistent with continued, albeit much lower magma inflow to the region of the intrusion.
Between 12 and 13 November, the inflow is estimated at 75 m3 / s, and the average depth to the top of the magma intrusion is thought to be around 800 m. The inflow and depth estimates are derived from model-based calculations, and they are subject to uncertainty.
Throughout this period of volcanic unrest, the focus has been continuous monitoring of seismicity and ground deformation in the Grindavík – Svartsengi region. To further our monitoring capabilities, we have installed additional GPS stations in and around Grindavík. The latest measurements from these stations show that the graben-like formation is still forming and mechanically active. Furthermore, to increase our ability to warn of an eruption, we have installed ground-based SO2 detectors that overlook Grindavík and south of Sundhnúkur.
In summary, the
likelihood of an eruption remains high. If an eruption occurs, the most likely location with be along the orientation of the magma intrusion, beginning as a fissure eruption.
Updated 13. November at 16:20 UTC
Seismicity along the magma intrusion continues, although the size and intensity of the activity is decreasing. Since midnight today, 13 November, around 900 earthquakes have been detected. The seismic activity is concentrated on the region of the intrusion, between Sundhnúkur and Grindavík at a depth of about 2–5 km.
Decreasing rates of ground deformation are seen
in GPS data from Grindavík. Satellite radar results show a graben-like
formation that cuts through part of Grindavík. This feature was first
identified by IMO in satellite radar imagery early on 11 November.
This ascending COSMO-SkyMed (CSK) interferogram covers the time period 3-11 November and shows an extensive deformation field related to the dike intrusion that began on the afternoon of the 10 November within the Reykjanes-Svartsengi volcanic system. This CSK interferogram and the previous (spanning 2-10 November) supported the difficult decision made by Civil Protection to evacuate the town of Grindavík late Friday evening. It also enabled modelling of the dimensions of the dike intrusion (on the 11 November), which provided a median dike length of 15 km and top depth of less than 1 km below the surface. The imagery shows over 1-m of ground displacement in the western part of Grindavík, caused by the propagation of the magma intrusion. From geodetical modelling results, we infer that (as of 12 November) the greatest area of magma upwelling is sourced close to Sundhnúkur, 3.5 km north-northeast of Grindavík.
New geodetic
modelling is currently being undertaken, using an ICEYE interferogram and GNSS
observations spanning the last 24-hours, to better assess the ongoing activity
and provide an estimate of the current magma inflow rates.
According to our latest estimates, the volcanic hazard assessment in and around
Grindavík is unchanged from 12 November. All monitoring systems are being
monitored closely in real-time, especially near Grindavík, for any indications
of sudden change. The natural hazards monitoring team at IMO is operating at maximum
surveillance while the Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management coordinates
short-term, temporary access to Grindavík today, 13 November.
Estimate of the vertical displacements caused by the dike during its initial propagation from Friday afternoon to Saturday morning. The displacements were estimated by combining ICEYE and COSMO-SkyMed pixel offset tracking results.
Updated 12. November at 12:30 UTC
Since the morning of November 11th, seismic activity related to the magma intrusion remains fairly constant. Since midnight November 12th, around 1000 earthquakes have been recorded within the dyke, and all of them have been below M3.0 in magnitude. The most seismic activity has been located in the region north of Grindavík. Most of the earthquakes are at a depth of 3-5 km corresponding to the lower part of the dyke intrusion.
GPS measurements covering the past 24 hours show that deformation associated with the dyke intrusion that formed on Friday, November 10th has slowed. This can be an indication that magma is moving closer to the surface, new models will be run as soon as new data comes in to update the model.
It was a joint assessment from the meeting, based on the latest data, that there is scope for temporary measures under the control of the Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management to collect necessities for the residents and attend to urgent errands in Grindavík and the surrounding area. During such operations, it is necessary to increase the vigilance of the area through additional monitoring with the aim of improving the detection of magma reaching the surface. It was the opinion of the scientists that it would be advisable to start these operations immediately, as uncertainty about the progress of the event grows as the day progresses. The final decision on whether these actions will be taken, and their implementation is in the hands of public safety and the Police Chief in Suðurnes.
In light of this joint assessment has the Police Chief in Suðurnes decided to allow inhabitant to part of restricted area in Þorkötlustaðahverfi and it is only to retrieve vital items, pets and livestock. This will be organised and controlled operation by the Police. This permission only applies to Þorkötlustaðahverfi. Note, special operation is ongoing to pick up all horses in the area north of Austurver.
This news has been updated since the latest information from the Police Chief in Suðurnes.Updated 11. November at 18:30 UTC
At 18:00 today, 11 November, a status meeting concluded between scientists at the Icelandic Meteorological Office, the University of Iceland, and the Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management. The purpose of the meeting was to discuss the latest measurements of seismicity and ground deformation in the region of Grindavík, in addition to reviewing the latest geophysical models and hazard assessments. From combined assessments of satellite radar imagery, ground-based GPS measurements, and seismicity, it was concluded that the ongoing dike intrusion represents a serious volcanic hazard.
From geophysical models of the dike intrusion, it is estimated that the intrusion is propagating upwards slowly, with magma thought to be 800 m beneath the surface. The exact location of a possible eruption site is unknown, but the 15-km length and orientation of the dike gives a good indication of possible sources. The overall assessment from the status meeting was that the likelihood of a volcanic eruption is high, and that an eruption could be possible on a timescale of just days. Based on the extent of the dike, magma could emerge from its southern, just outside of Grindavik. Therefore, the likelihood of a submarine eruption has also increased, so preparations must be made for the possibility of explosive activity. A hazard area has been defined based on the location of the dike, as shown in the map.
Status map showing the location of the dike intrusion based on combined satellite radar imagery, GPS measurements, and geophysical modelling.
Updated 11. November at 12:00pm
Since midnight, around 800 earthquakes have been measured in the region where the magma intrusion is occurring. The earthquake activity has diminished slightly in the past hours, but it remains high. Most of the recent earthquakes have occurred close to Grindavík, where the southwest end of the magmatic dyke is estimated to be located.
Analysis of the earthquakes from today and yesterday is ongoing. The goal of this work is to better understand the evolution of the magma intrusion. Presently, the data indicates that the magma intrusion extends from Stóra-Skógsfell in the north to Grindavík in the south, where it extends beneath the sea. In accordance with the latest preliminary models, using the most recent satellite data acquired last night, the shallowest depth of the top of the magma intrusion north of Grindavík is 1.5 km. Joint interpretation of the ground and satellite measurements indicate that the size of the magma intrusion and the rate at which it is moving are several times larger than have been measured previously on the Reykjanes Peninsula. Our assessment is that an eruption, if it were to occur, will originate from the northern side of the magma intrusion. This means that there is a greater likelihood of an eruption beginning close to Sundhnjúkagígur.
Scientists are meeting regularly to interpret the data and update the latest models and hazard assessments. A meeting for journalists will be held at 12:00 at the Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management. The current conditions and future scenarios will be discussed.
The likelihood of a volcanic eruption occurring in the near future is deemed considerable.
Reviewed earthquakes since 9pm last night.
Updated 10. November at 11:30pm
Significant changes have occurred in the seismic activity measured near Sundhnjúkagígar north of Grindavík and deformation observed in the Reykjanes Peninsula this afternoon. The seismic activity has moved south towards Grindavík. Based on how the seismic activity has evolved since 6 PM today, along with results from GPS measurements, there is a likelihood that a magma intrusion has extended beneath Grindavík. In light of this outcome, the police chief in Suðurnes, in cooperation with the Civil Protection Authorities, has decided to evacuate Grindavík. An emergency level of civil protection is now in effect. This is not an emergency evacuation. Residents of Grindavík are advised to proceed with caution.
At this stage, it is not possible to determine exactly whether and where magma might reach the surface. There are indications that a considerable amount of magma is moving in an area extending from Sundhnjúkagígum in the north towards Grindavík. The amount of magma involved is significantly more than what was observed in the largest magma intrusions associated with the eruptions at Fagradalsfjall. Further data is being collected to calculate models that provide a more accurate picture of the magma intrusion. It is currently not possible to say when this work will be completed.
Updated 10. November at 8pm
The seismic activity currently measured at Sundhnjúkagígar occurs within an area about 3 km northeast of Grindavík. The shallowest earthquakes measured now are at a depth of about 3-3.5 km.
The signs that can be seen now at Sundhnjúkagígar are similar to those seen on the eve of the first eruption at Fagradalsfjall in 2021 and are very similar to the seismic activity that was measured about a month before that eruption. The most likely scenario now, taking into account the activity that culminated in the onset of the March 19th 2021, is that it will take several days (rather than hours) for magma to reach the surface.
Earthquakes on the 10th of November (until 6:48pm). The Icelandic Meteorological Office's seismic network is shown with triangles. Four seismic stations surrounding the current seismic activity have been showing a large increase in tremor since 3pm.
Updated 10. November at 6:30pm
The National Commissioner of the Icelandic Police, in consultation with the Police Commissioner of Suðurnes, has declared a Civil Protection Alert Phase due to the intense earthquake swarm that commenced 3pm today at Sundhnjúkagígar, north of Grindavík. There is the possibility for larger earthquakes than have been experienced thus far, and this sequence of events could lead to an eruption. The Civil Protection Alert Phase means that the risk is increasing, and measures are being taken to ensure the utmost safety of those who live/stay in the area. This is done by increasing precautions in the relevant area.
The Aviation Color Code has been elevated to orange (heightened unrest with increased likelihood of eruption). IMO is closely monitoring the situation. Residents are encouraged to follow the information provided on Almannavarnir.
Updated 10. November at 2pm
Earlier today, at 12:44, an earthquake of magnitude 4.1 occurred near Sýlingarfell, west of Sundhnjúkagígar. The craters are about 2-3 km northeast of Grindavík. A dense swarm of earthquakes began around 07:00 this morning in the same area, and nearly 800 quakes have been recorded since midnight, including 9 greater than magnitude 3. The depth of the earthquakes is about 5 km. Such earthquake swarms have previously been recorded in this area. It cannot be ruled out that the seismic activity near Sundhnjúkagígar is due to magma movements at depth.
Magma accumulation continues near Þorbjörn at the same depth and at a similar rate as before. It is accompanied by swarm-like seismic activity, as was noticed yesterday and this morning. While magma accumulation continues, ongoing seismic activity can be expected due to stress release in the area. Earthquakes up to magnitude M5.5 can be expected in such swarms, and the seismic activity may shift between areas. At this stage, there are no indications that magma is forcing its way to the surface.
Reviewed earthquakes since midnight
Updated 9. November at 12:20pm
Around 1400 earthquakes have been recorded in the last 24 hours. Seismic activity increased from midnight, and the SIL seismic network has detected seven earthquakes above M4.0 since then. The largest earthquake measured M4.8 at 12:46am. It was located west of Þorbjörn. It is the largest earthquake since the activity began on October 25th. Seven earthquakes M4.0 or larger in size were measured in the area from Eldvörp to the area east of Sýlingarfell. While the accumulation of magma continues, seismic activity can be expected on the Reykjavík Peninsula because the magma intrusion causes increased tension in the area.
According to GPS data at midnight, uplift continues in the area. The GPS data is being reviewed in relation to the seismic activity tonight. Since the beginning of the inflation until today, the uplift has been fairly even, although an acceleration of the process has been observed between days. The seismic activity last night and this morning is an example of this episodic seismic activity that can be expected while magma accumulation is in progress. The fact that there are now larger earthquakes than before in the area does not necessarily mean an increased rate of magma accumulation.
Reviewed earthquakes since midnight last night
Updated 8. November at 2:40pm
Approximately 1200 earthquakes have been measured in the last 24 hours, most of them in the area between Þorbjörn and Sýlingafell, similar to the day before. The largest earthquake was M3.4 at 12:31am last night, just south of Þorbjörn. The seismic activity continues at the same depth as before. It is likely that seismic activity will continue, and be episodic in intensity, while magma accumulation is ongoing.
Uplift continues at a similar rate as before according to Satellite and GNSS data. Interferogram (InSAR) for the period 28th of October – 6th of November showing near-vertical motion confirms this, but it also shows offsets due to fault movements associated with the seismic activity. Updated models based on the same data estimate that magma continues to accumulate in a horizontal sill at a depth of about 5 km and since the beginning of the inflation event (October 27th) the average inflow is estimated about 5 m3/s (uncertainty is ±2 m3/s)
Interferogram (InSAR)
for the period 28th of October – 6th of November shows that deformation in that
period is around 7 cm. SW of Mt. Þorbjörn is an offset in the deformation
signal caused by fault movements by earthquakes.
Updated 7. November at 1:30pm
There have been around 900 earthquakes in the last 24 hours, most of them in the area between Þorbjörn and Sýlingafell. The largest earthquake was M2.9 and occurred around 7 am this morning. The seismic activity remains at the same depth as before.
According to satellite data processed around 5 pm yesterday and covers the period between November 4-6, confirms that uplift continues around Þorbjörn. The same data shows no signs of magma accumulation in Eldvörp or near Sýlingarfell, east of Svartsengi where seismic activity has been measued in recent days.
Magma accumulation continues at a depth of around 5 km in the are NW of Þorbjörn. If October 27th is considered the starting day of the inflation event until today, the rate of uplift has been fairly constant, although an acceleration of the process has been observed between days. It is likely that seismic activity will continue, and be episodic in intensity, while magma accumulation is ongoing.
Reviewed earthquake locations since 6th of November and today until noon.
Updated 6. November at 1:15pm
In the last 24 hours around 1300 earthquakes have been detected on the Reykjanes peninsula, of which three earthquakes were above M3. The largest earthquake was M3.6 this morning and located 3 km NE of Mt. Þorbjörn.
Deformation data shows that uplift continues in the area and there are indications on GNSS observations of an increase in inflation rates since 3rd of November. Since the start of the inflation, the uplift at the GNSS station at Mt. Þorbjörn has reached 7 cm. The deformation is caused by a sill-type intrusion at around 5 km depth. Modelling, based on data since 27th of October, indicates that the volume change associated with this inflation event has reached almost two times the volume change associated with the four previous inflation events in the same area between 2020-2022. Inflow of magma/magmatic fluids into the sill-type body is estimated at approximately 7 m3/s which is about four times greater than the highest inflow estimated during previous inflation events here.
While the inflation continues,
increased seismicity in the area can be expected from additional stress changes
induced within the crust.
Updated 4. November at 11:30pm
After 17:30 yesterday, seismic activity decreased considerably. In the last 12 hours, about 900 earthquakes have been detected, all under M3.0. The activity after midnight as mainly been located at Sundhnjúkagígar - NE of Þorbjörn, as well as west of Eldvörp.
Seismicity has decreased considerably since yesterday, but the development of earthquake magnitudes, number of earthquakes and their location is comparable to the development previously seen related to magma accumulation in the vicinity of Þorbjörn.
The latest deformation data shows that uplift continues in the area. This uplift is thought to be due to magma accumulation NW of Þorbjörn at 4-5 km depth. While that magma accumulation continues, increased seismicity in the area can be expected from increased stresses in the crust. Rockfall can occur following large earthquakes, so caution should be taken by steep slopes.
The Icelandic Meteorological Office continues to monitor the area closely and to meet with the Civil protection agency to discuss the situation. Signs of magma coming towards the surface would appear as increased, shallower seismicity and rapid crustal deformation at the surface as well as volcanic tremor, which is a high rate of many small earthquakes. At the moment no clear signs can be seen of any of this, but the situation can change on short notice.
Earthquakes (circles) with magnitude over 1.5, from midnight on 3 November until 10:45 on the 4 November. The colour bar to the left shows the time of the earthquakes and the size of the circles represents the relative size of the events. Locations of seismic stations (triangles) and GPS deformation stations (squares) are also shown.
Updated 3. November at 3pm
An earthquake of
magnitude 4.3 was detected at 1:14 pm, today between Þorbjörn and Sýlingarfell.
Another earthquake of magnitude 3.5 was detected at 2:01 pm in Þorbjörn. These
earthquakes are thought to be due to continuing stress in the crust from magma accumulation
undir Þorbjörn mountain. No volcanic tremor has been detected and the area is
still being closely monitored.
Updated 3. November at 1:50pm
According to measurements from 11:00 am today, the uplift centered northwest of Þorbjörn continues. The uplift is caused by a magma intrusion at a depth of about 4 km. Seismic activity continues on the Reykjanes peninsula due to crustal stress changes caused by the intrusion. An increase in earthquake activity was detected after midnight and into the morning. Since midnight, around 1.000 earthquakes have been recorded in the area, with two being above M3.0 and two above M4.0. The biggest earthquake of the current swarm was measured at 8:06 am and was 4.3 in size. The biggest earthquakes last night seem to line up in a north-south direction west of Þorbjörn. This is happening on previously known fissures, where tension has been accumulating associated with plate tectonics and may curl due to tension from intrusions.
There are currently no clear signs of magma moving closer to the surface. Signs that magma is making its way to the surface would appear in shallower seismic activity and increasing tremor, which is a high frequency of small earthquakes. At the same time, sudden deformation of the surface should be measured with GPS measurements. The development of this event is closely monitored, as the course of events can change with very little notice.
Model calculations show that the intrusion is located northwest of Þorbjörn, as shown in the accompanying image. The most recent seismic activity has been over the intrusion itself. The earthquakes measured at Eldvörp and east of Grindavík road are due to tension from the magma intrusion by Þorbjörn, rather than signs of magma movements in those areas.
Approximate center of magma intrusion according to model calculations based on GPS and satellite images together with seismic activity from November 2nd at 8pm to November 3rd at 12pm larger that M1.0 in size. The model assumes a box-shaped intrusion, but its length and width are subject to quite a bit of uncertainty. The model will be frequently updated with the newest data once aquired, and the size and shape of the intrusion might change considerably, so there is quite some uncertainty to the model.
Updated 2. November at 3pm
GPS data from the last 24 hours indicate that uplift continues at a similar rate in the area northwest of Mt. Þorbjörn. Earthquake activity has been quite stable, but yesterday around 800 earthquakes were recorded in the area around Þorbjörn, and the largest was M3.7 at 12:56 am. Since midnight today, around 400 earthquakes have been recorded in the area, the largest measuring M2.8 at 9:51 am. More detailed analysis of recent GPS data confirms that a magma intrusion is forming at a depth of 4-5 km under the area northwest of Þorbjörn.
It is important to note that seismic activity is will likely continue northwest of Þorbjörn, and earthquakes over M4.0 could be found in populated areas. Triggered seismic activity can also be expected in the coming days because the magma intrusion causes increased tension in the area. Rockfall can occur following strong earthquakes, so it is important to be cautious on steep slopes.
Reviewed earthquakes from midnight November 1st until noon November 2nd.
Updated 1. November at 12:20pm
On 25 October, an intense earthquake swarm began near Svartsengi, north of Grindavík on the Reykjanes Peninsula. So far, over 10,500 earthquakes have been detected in the swarm, with over 26 earthquakes exceeding magnitude three, the largest of which was magnitude 4.5 on 25 October at 08:18 UTC.
The latest satellite radar image, acquired late on 31 October, reveals 5 to 6 cm of ground movements over 12 days, centered just northwest of Mt. Þorbjörn. The same displacement signal is seen in continuous GPS measurements from stations in the region, beginning on 27 October. The latest GPS results from 1 November indicate that ground displacements continue in the region. Combining seismic, geodetic, and satellite-based observations, we infer that a volcanic intrusion is located at about 4 km depth just northwest of Mt. Þorbjörn. Presently, there are no indications that the volcanic intrusion is becoming shallower. We expect that seismicity will continue northwest of Mt. Þorbjörn, and this could include felt earthquakes exceeding magnitude four. Triggered earthquake activity is also possible in the coming days due to stress increases caused by the intrusion. This is a likely explanation for the ongoing seismic activity detected west of Þorbjörn in Eldvörp on 1 November. Triggered seismicity is also possible due to the long-term effects of magma accumulation beneath Fagradalsfjall.
Updated 31st of October at 5pm
This morning at 8:40 am an earthquake swarm began at Þorbjörn, which lasted for almost 2 hours and was exceptionally intense. The largest earthquake in the swarm measured M3.7. The center of the activity was just east of the centre of the uplift observed in recent days. The depth of the earthquakes was estimated between 5 and 1.5 km depth. The earthquake swarm is a clear sign of magma movements at depth. GPS measurements support the interpretation, although the uplift that started about four days ago has slowed down. Earlier today, there was a meeting with Civil Defense and stakeholders on the Reykjanes Peninsula, where the latest measurements and possible scenarios and responses to the current scenario were discussed.
Situation closely monitored
IMO is monitoring closely developments and is looking to see if micro-seismic activity increases closer to the surface, which could be a sign that magma is breaking its way through the earth´s crust. Presently, there are no signs that earthquake activity is becoming shallower. However, the situation could change quickly, and it is not possible to exclude a scenario involving a lava-producing eruption in the area northwest of Þorbjörn. It is important to point out that magma movements, similar to that observed close to Þorbjörn, often fade away and do not lead to a volcanic eruption. Nevertheless, long-term rifting and increased (triggered) earthquake activity in the Svartsengi area could have created weaknesses in the crust, making it easier for magma to move to shallower depths.
Reviewed earthquakes from midnight today.
Updated 30th of October at 11:30am
The Sentinel satellite data expected to be received yesterday has not arrived yet, however the cGPS data in the area around Svartensgi and Þorbjörn show that the deformation is still ongoing. The deformation rate since the beginning of this intrusive event has been slightly decreasing over time. Preliminary deformation model results suggest the average depth, where the magmatic instrusion is occurring, is about 4 km.
Over the past 24 hours about 1300 earthquakes have been automatically detected on the Reykjanes Peninsula. Most of this seismicity is located at a depth between 2-4 km. The largest earthquake had a magnitude M2.7 on the 29 October at 11:40UTC.
Scientists from the Icelandic Meteorological Office are undertaking additional surface measurements in the area, including geochemical observations. Regular communication is maintained between IMO, HS-Orka and the Civil Protection while this unrest continues.
8-hours solution for the cGNSS THOB station in Þorbjörn showing the latest data point updated at 08:00 UTC today
Updated 29th of October at 2pm
The latest cGPS deformation data around the Þorbjörn and Svartengi area confirm that the deformation, which started 27 October, continues. As initially stated, the ongoing deformation rates are higher than in previous events which occurred in a similar area in 2020 and 2022. Overall, the seismicity north of Grindavík has been declining over the past 24 hours and there are no significant changes in earthquake depths. However, it is important to emphasise that the current deformation may trigger renewed seismicity in the area that could be felt by people.
New satellite data are expected to be delivered later today, and a new interferogram will be processed as soon as the data are available. The results will allow us to identify and interpret the deformation processes that have occurred on the peninsula over the past 12 days. We expected to publish the results tomorrow.
An episode of complex volcano-tectonic unrest is currently affecting the
Reykjanes Peninsula. It is interpreted to result from multiple deformation sources
at depth, which are interacting and affecting a wide area across the peninsula.
Updated 28th of October at 1:30pm
The latest cGPS measurements, along with a newly acquired InSAR image over Reykjanes Peninsula, reveals a clear sign of ground uplift, centred around Svartsengi. This uplift signal began at some point on 27 October, and it reflects a pressure increase that is probably caused by a magmatic intrusion at depth. The centre of the uplift signal is around 1.5 km northwest of Þorbjörn, close to the Blue Lagoon. In 2020 and 2022, similar uplift signals were detected in the same area and with similar geometry. This is now the fifth inflation event in the area. From an initial assessment, the ongoing uplift signal is occurring more rapidly than before. Presently, there are no indications of magma moving at shallower depth. However, the situation may evolve rapidly. For instance, significant fracturing has occurred in the Svartsengi area due to triggered seismicity in recent days. Such fracturing could allow magma to find pathways to shallower depth.
Overall, the latest deformation results from the Reykjanes Peninsula show a complex, ongoing process of magma movements in the earth's crust. These processes are affecting a wide area, including Fagradalsfjall (where long-term inflation continues), east of Festarfjall (where the deformation seems to have stopped), and – in the last 24 hours – an area close to Svartsengi shows inflation.
The seismic swarm that began on 25 October north of Grindavík has resulted in over 7.000 earthquakes. The level of earthquake has reduced considerably, although the swarm is still ongoing, meaning that felt earthquakes are still likely.
Geophysical modelling is underway today to determine the depth and size of the uplift source close to Svartsengi. An additional satellite radar image will be available from Reykjanes Peninsula on 29 October. This image should provide an even closer insight into the recent magma movements and deformation pattens on the peninsula.
“Line-of-sight" (LOS) deformation measured by the ICEYE SAR satellite between the 26 October at 05:21 UTC and the 28 October at 05:21 UTC. Satellite data provided in collaboration with ICEYE (https://www.iceye.com/).
Updated 27th of October at 2pm
The ground-deformation signal detected since yesterday in the area East of Festarfjall is confirmed by the latest cGPS data. The horizontal displacement over the past few days is ~ 2 cm as seen at FEFC station and movement has now also been measured at another cGPS station located in Selatangar. A 1-day interferogram spanning 26 to 27 of October, does not reveal any significant changes in the area, but the signal at FEFC measured during this 24-hr period was smaller than 1 cm, likely too small to be detected by this interferogram. cGPS stations in Grindavík and north of here show no significant changes.
The seismic swarm north of Grindavík continues with around 1000 earthquakes since midnight. A total of 5800 eqs have been recorded since the beginning of the activity. An earthquakes M4.0 was measured at 04:02 UTC on 27 October around 2 km north of Grindavík. The seismic activity is interpreted as the response of the crust to the stress changes induced by continued magmatic inflow at depth beneath the Fagradalsfjall volcanic system.
Displacement at cGNSS station FEFC east of Festarfjall. Blue vertical line marks the onset of a dike intrusion in July 2023 and the red line the start an eruption near Litli-Hrútur 10th of July 2023. Most recent data points show up movement and horizontal movement towards SE.
cGNSS stations at
Reykjanes Peninsula. Data from stations FEFC and STAN east of Festarfjall show
movement in the last day.
Updated: 26th of October at 5pm
The seismic swarm that commenced on 24 October continues. Over 4,000 earthquakes have been recorded on the Reykjanes Peninsula, of which 14 had a magnitude exceeding M3. Most of the activity has occurred between Stóra-Skogafell and North-East of Eldvörp. Seismicity is located between 2 and 6 km depth, with the largest earthquake (M4.5) measured on 25 October at 08:18 UTC. Scientists at the Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO) interpret the ongoing seismic activity as triggered by stress induced by the ongoing deformation at Fagradalsfjall, which began soon after the summer 2023 eruption. The ongoing seismic swarm is expected to continue for the coming days. In the longer-term, the continued accumulation of magma beneath Fagradalsfjall could cause further seismic swarms on the peninsula.
Ground deformation measurements near Svartsengi and Grindavík show no changes related to the ongoing seismic swarm north of Grindavík. A single GPS station (FEFC), east of Festarfjall, is beginning to show localised movement in a south-east direction. These measurements could indicate the presence of magma at depth along the continuation of north-east – south-west-trending dyke intrusions, which have formed under Fagradalsfjall since 2021.
Staff from IMO continue to monitor the seismic unrest closely. In the coming days, satellite data will be used to better assess the spatial extent of any ground deformation. The measurements will also be used to better understand ongoing geophysical processes on the Reykjanes Peninsula.
Reviewed triggered earthquakes from October 20-26th.
Written 25th of October:
Last night an intense earthquake swarm started near Svartsengi, north of Grindavík. Over 1000 earthquakes have been detected there since midnight and the swarm is still ongoing. The largest earthquakes detected are M3.9 at 5:35 UTC and M4.5 at 8:18 UTC. Both of those earthquakes originated at around 5 km depth. Latest deformation data collected from several stations around the Þorbjörn/Grindavík area do not show significant changes correlated with the ongoing seismic activity. In light of the data currently available, this seismicity is interpreted to be likely triggered by the stress changes related to previous intrusive activity on the peninsula. There are currently no indications of magma migration beneath the Þorbjörn/Grindavík area, but the situation might change anytime, and it might evolve over a short time from hours to days. As reported in September a magmatic intrusion is currently ongoing beneath Fagradalsfjall.
Staff of IMO continues to monitor the area closely and interpret newest data as it becomes available.
Uncertainty level of Department of Civil Protection has been declared due to this seismic swarm.
8-hours solution for the cGNSS THOB station in Þorbjörn showing the latest data point updated at 08:00 UTC today.
Reviewed earthquake locations from midnight to noon on the 25th of October.
Automatic
locations of earthquakes from midnight to noon on the 25th of
October.
